How does supervisor support shape PhD students’ learning experience? Evidence from the Nature Careers 2025 Global PhD Survey

• Nuo Ya Li ,

  Contributed equally to this work with: Nuo Ya Li, Hanjie Zhang

  Roles Investigation, Project administration, Supervision, Visualization

  Affiliation Department of Basic Education, Nanjing Vocational Institute of Railway Technology, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China

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• Hanjie Zhang ,

  Contributed equally to this work with: Nuo Ya Li, Hanjie Zhang

  Roles Resources, Software, Supervision

  Affiliation Institute of Education, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China

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• Junqi Wang ,

  Roles Project administration, Software, Supervision

  * E-mail: 13827608396@163.com (JW); walteryezi5233@gmail.com (MY)

  Affiliation School of Business, Xinjiang Normal University, Urumqi, Xinjiang, China

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• Mingyu Ye

  Roles Resources, Validation

  * E-mail: 13827608396@163.com (JW); walteryezi5233@gmail.com (MY)

  Affiliation Faculty of Education, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China

  https://orcid.org/0009-0009-6803-434X

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