FPGA-based emulation framework for two-qubit quantum computation: Design, implementation, and validation

Arfeen Zahra; Madiha Khalid; Naveed Riaz; Salman Waheed; Umar Mujahid; Muhammad Najam-ul-Islam

doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0356172

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Open Access

Peer-reviewed

Research Article

FPGA-based emulation framework for two-qubit quantum computation: Design, implementation, and validation

Arfeen Zahra ,

Contributed equally to this work with: Arfeen Zahra, Madiha Khalid, Naveed Riaz, Salman Waheed, Umar Mujahid, Muhammad Najam-ul-Islam

Roles Methodology, Writing – original draft

Affiliation Department of Computing, School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST), Islamabad, Pakistan
⨯
Madiha Khalid ,

Contributed equally to this work with: Arfeen Zahra, Madiha Khalid, Naveed Riaz, Salman Waheed, Umar Mujahid, Muhammad Najam-ul-Islam

Roles Supervision, Writing – review & editing

* E-mail: madiha.khalid@seecs.edu.pk

Affiliation Department of Computing, School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST), Islamabad, Pakistan

https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9069-7865

⨯
Naveed Riaz ,

Contributed equally to this work with: Arfeen Zahra, Madiha Khalid, Naveed Riaz, Salman Waheed, Umar Mujahid, Muhammad Najam-ul-Islam

Roles Conceptualization

Affiliation Department of Computing, School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST), Islamabad, Pakistan
⨯
Salman Waheed ,

Contributed equally to this work with: Arfeen Zahra, Madiha Khalid, Naveed Riaz, Salman Waheed, Umar Mujahid, Muhammad Najam-ul-Islam

Roles Validation

Affiliation Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, International Islamic University, Islamabad, Pakistan
⨯
Umar Mujahid ,

Contributed equally to this work with: Arfeen Zahra, Madiha Khalid, Naveed Riaz, Salman Waheed, Umar Mujahid, Muhammad Najam-ul-Islam

Roles Formal analysis

Affiliation Department of Information Technology, Georgia Gwinnett College, Lawrenceville, Georgia, United States of America
⨯
Muhammad Najam-ul-Islam

Contributed equally to this work with: Arfeen Zahra, Madiha Khalid, Naveed Riaz, Salman Waheed, Umar Mujahid, Muhammad Najam-ul-Islam

Roles Supervision

Affiliation Department of Electrical Engineering, Namal University, Mianwali, Pakistan
⨯

FPGA-based emulation framework for two-qubit quantum computation: Design, implementation, and validation

Arfeen Zahra,
Madiha Khalid,
Naveed Riaz,
Salman Waheed,
Umar Mujahid,
Muhammad Najam-ul-Islam

Published: August 24, 2026
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0356172

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