Pupillary dynamics during hands-off L2 driving and transitions of control under high cognitive load

Courtney M. Goodridge; Rafael C. Gonçalves; Ali Arabian; Anthony Horrobin; Albert Solernou; Yee Thung Lee; Audrey Bruneau; Jonny Kuo; Michael G. Lenné; Gaëtan Merlhiot; Yee Mun Lee; Natasha Merat

doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0355165

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Open Access

Peer-reviewed

Research Article

Pupillary dynamics during hands-off L2 driving and transitions of control under high cognitive load

Courtney M. Goodridge ,

Roles Conceptualization, Data curation, Formal analysis, Investigation, Methodology, Project administration, Software, Validation, Visualization, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

* E-mail: c.m.goodridge@leeds.ac.uk

Affiliations School of Psychology, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom, Institute for Transport Studies, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom

https://orcid.org/0009-0002-3383-2789

⨯
Rafael C. Gonçalves,

Roles Data curation, Methodology, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Institute for Transport Studies, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
⨯
Ali Arabian,

Roles Data curation

Affiliation Institute for Transport Studies, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6972-2584

⨯
Anthony Horrobin,

Roles Software

Affiliation Institute for Transport Studies, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
⨯
Albert Solernou,

Roles Resources, Software, Supervision

Affiliation Institute for Transport Studies, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
⨯
Yee Thung Lee,

Roles Investigation

Affiliation Institute for Transport Studies, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0363-7352

⨯
Audrey Bruneau,

Roles Conceptualization, Methodology, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Toyota Motor Europe, Brussels, Belgium
⨯
Jonny Kuo,

Roles Conceptualization, Methodology, Software

Affiliation Seeing Machines, Canberra, Australia
⨯
Michael G. Lenné,

Roles Conceptualization, Methodology, Software

Affiliation Seeing Machines, Canberra, Australia
⨯
Gaëtan Merlhiot,

Roles Writing – review & editing

Affiliation VEDECOM Institute, Versailles, France
⨯
Yee Mun Lee,

Roles Conceptualization, Methodology, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Institute for Transport Studies, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
⨯
Natasha Merat

Roles Conceptualization, Funding acquisition, Project administration, Resources, Supervision, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Institute for Transport Studies, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
⨯

Pupillary dynamics during hands-off L2 driving and transitions of control under high cognitive load

Courtney M. Goodridge,
Rafael C. Gonçalves,
Ali Arabian,
Anthony Horrobin,
Albert Solernou,
Yee Thung Lee,
Audrey Bruneau,
Jonny Kuo,
Michael G. Lenné,
Gaëtan Merlhiot

Published: August 11, 2026
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0355165

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