Who is more likely to make causal claims in observational studies? The role of author experience, team size, cultural background, and gender in scientific framing

• Jun Wang,

  Roles Conceptualization, Data curation, Formal analysis, Investigation, Methodology, Software, Validation, Visualization, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

  Affiliation Independent Researcher, Syracuse, New York, United States of America

  ⨯
• Bei Yu

  Roles Conceptualization, Data curation, Funding acquisition, Investigation, Methodology, Project administration, Resources, Supervision, Validation, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

  * E-mail: byu@syr.edu

  Affiliation School of Information Studies, Syracuse University, Syracuse, New York, United States of America

  https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5425-0011

  ⨯