Data-driven modeling of spring discharge in a dynamic karst aquifer using multivariate models and spectral analysis

Gianna Vivaldo; Brunella Raco; Matia Menichini; Giulio Masetti; Luca Fibbi; Bernardo Gozzini; Daniele Grifoni; Marco Doveri

doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0351623

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Open Access

Peer-reviewed

Research Article

Data-driven modeling of spring discharge in a dynamic karst aquifer using multivariate models and spectral analysis

Gianna Vivaldo,

Roles Conceptualization, Formal analysis, Methodology, Software, Supervision, Validation, Visualization, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

Affiliations Institute of Geosciences, National Research Council, Pisa, Italy, National Biodiversity Future Centre, Palermo, Italy

https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4935-5710

⨯
Brunella Raco ,

Roles Conceptualization, Formal analysis, Methodology, Supervision, Validation, Visualization, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

* E-mail: brunella.raco@cnr.it

Affiliation Institute of Geosciences, National Research Council, Pisa, Italy

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0196-9855

⨯
Matia Menichini,

Roles Conceptualization, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Institute of Geosciences, National Research Council, Pisa, Italy
⨯
Giulio Masetti,

Roles Conceptualization, Validation, Visualization, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Institute of Geosciences, National Research Council, Pisa, Italy
⨯
Luca Fibbi,

Roles Conceptualization, Data curation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliations Institute of Bioeconomy, National Research Council, Sesto Fiorentino (FI), Italy, LaMMA Consortium, Sesto Fiorentino (FI), Italy

https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6985-6809

⨯
Bernardo Gozzini,

Roles Conceptualization, Data curation, Resources, Writing – review & editing

Affiliations Institute of Bioeconomy, National Research Council, Sesto Fiorentino (FI), Italy, LaMMA Consortium, Sesto Fiorentino (FI), Italy
⨯
Daniele Grifoni,

Roles Conceptualization, Data curation, Resources, Writing – review & editing

Affiliations Institute of Bioeconomy, National Research Council, Sesto Fiorentino (FI), Italy, LaMMA Consortium, Sesto Fiorentino (FI), Italy
⨯
Marco Doveri

Roles Conceptualization, Data curation, Funding acquisition, Project administration, Writing – review & editing

Affiliations Institute of Geosciences, National Research Council, Pisa, Italy, Department of Earth Sciences, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
⨯

Data-driven modeling of spring discharge in a dynamic karst aquifer using multivariate models and spectral analysis

Gianna Vivaldo,
Brunella Raco,
Matia Menichini,
Giulio Masetti,
Luca Fibbi,
Bernardo Gozzini,
Daniele Grifoni,
Marco Doveri

Published: August 11, 2026
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0351623

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