A generalizability analysis framework for bias resilience in convolution neural network and transformer models for diabetic retinopathy screening

• Majida Kazmi ,

  Contributed equally to this work with: Majida Kazmi, Bisma Imran

  Roles Conceptualization, Formal analysis, Funding acquisition, Investigation, Methodology, Project administration, Supervision, Writing – review & editing

  * E-mail: majidakazmi@neduet.edu.pk

  Affiliations Faculty of Electrical and Computer Engineering, NED University of Engineering & Technology, Karachi, Pakistan, Neurocomputation Lab, National Centre of Artificial Intelligence, NED University of Engineering & Technology, Karachi, Pakistan

  https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2767-3139

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• Bisma Imran ,

  Contributed equally to this work with: Majida Kazmi, Bisma Imran

  Roles Data curation, Methodology, Software, Visualization, Writing – original draft

  Affiliation Neurocomputation Lab, National Centre of Artificial Intelligence, NED University of Engineering & Technology, Karachi, Pakistan

  https://orcid.org/0009-0002-3697-4010

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• Saad A. Qazi,

  Roles Conceptualization, Project administration, Resources, Validation

  Affiliations Faculty of Electrical and Computer Engineering, NED University of Engineering & Technology, Karachi, Pakistan, Neurocomputation Lab, National Centre of Artificial Intelligence, NED University of Engineering & Technology, Karachi, Pakistan

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• M. A. Rehman Siddiqui

  Roles Conceptualization, Funding acquisition, Resources, Supervision, Validation, Writing – review & editing

  Affiliation Department of Surgery, Agha Khan University Hospital, Karachi, Pakistan

  https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5100-3189

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