GEC-DTSP: A GNN–RL-based Edge–Cloud Digital Twin framework for real-time traffic forecasting and adaptive signal control

• Fayez Alanazi,

  Roles Conceptualization, Investigation, Resources, Supervision, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

  Affiliation Civil Engineering Department, College of Engineering, Jouf University, Sakaka, Saudi Arabia

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• Ammar Armghan ,

  Roles Conceptualization, Investigation, Resources, Supervision, Validation, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

  * E-mail: aarmghan@ju.edu.sa

  Affiliation Department of Electrical Engineering, College of Engineering, Jouf University, Sakaka, Saudi Arabia

  https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9062-7493

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• Ahmed Jamal Abdullah Al-Gburi,

  Roles Conceptualization, Resources, Software, Validation, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

  Affiliation Strategic Research Institute (SRI), Asia Pacific University, Jalan Teknologi 5, Taman Teknologi Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia

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• Amr Yousef

  Roles Conceptualization, Data curation, Visualization, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

  Affiliations Department of Electrical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Business and Technology, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia, Engineering Mathematics Department, Faculty of Engineering, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt

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