Serological responses to SARS-CoV-2 in urban and rural Ghana: Antibody waning and implications for long-term population immunity

• George Agyei ,

  Contributed equally to this work with: George Agyei, Philip El-Duah

  Roles Data curation, Formal analysis, Investigation, Methodology, Validation, Visualization, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

  Affiliations Department of Clinical Microbiology, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana, German West African Centre for Global Health and Pandemic Prevention, Kumasi, Ghana, Kumasi Centre for Collaborative Research in Tropical Medicine, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana

  https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0884-9645

  ⨯
• Philip El-Duah ,

  Contributed equally to this work with: George Agyei, Philip El-Duah

  Roles Conceptualization, Formal analysis, Investigation, Methodology, Project administration, Supervision, Validation, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

  * E-mail: philip.el-duah@charite.de (PED), michaelowusu80@gmail.com (MO)

  Affiliations German West African Centre for Global Health and Pandemic Prevention, Kumasi, Ghana, Institute of Virology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany

  ⨯
• Rexford Mawunyo Dumevi,

  Roles Formal analysis, Project administration, Validation

  Affiliation Institute of Virology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany

  ⨯
• Therese Muzeniek,

  Roles Formal analysis, Validation

  Affiliation Institute of Virology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany

  https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4429-1738

  ⨯
• Sherihane Aryeetey,

  Roles Data curation, Formal analysis

  Affiliations Department of Clinical Microbiology, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana, German West African Centre for Global Health and Pandemic Prevention, Kumasi, Ghana, Kumasi Centre for Collaborative Research in Tropical Medicine, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana

  ⨯
• Brice Armel Nembot Fogang,

  Roles Data curation, Formal analysis

  Affiliations Department of Clinical Microbiology, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana, German West African Centre for Global Health and Pandemic Prevention, Kumasi, Ghana

  https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3499-3659

  ⨯
• Jonathan M. Gmanyami,

  Roles Data curation, Formal analysis

  Affiliations German West African Centre for Global Health and Pandemic Prevention, Kumasi, Ghana, Kumasi Centre for Collaborative Research in Tropical Medicine, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana

  ⨯
• Augustina Angelina Sylverken,

  Roles Conceptualization, Writing – review & editing

  Affiliations Kumasi Centre for Collaborative Research in Tropical Medicine, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana, Department of Theoretical and Applied Biology, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana

  ⨯
• Yaw Adu-Sarkodie,

  Roles Conceptualization

  Affiliation Department of Clinical Microbiology, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana

  ⨯
• Richard Odame Phillips,

  Roles Conceptualization

  Affiliations Kumasi Centre for Collaborative Research in Tropical Medicine, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana, School of Medicine and Dentistry, College of Health Sciences, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana

  ⨯
• Michael Owusu ,

  Roles Conceptualization, Formal analysis, Project administration, Supervision, Validation, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

  * E-mail: philip.el-duah@charite.de (PED), michaelowusu80@gmail.com (MO)

  ¶‡ Co-last authors

  Affiliations German West African Centre for Global Health and Pandemic Prevention, Kumasi, Ghana, Kumasi Centre for Collaborative Research in Tropical Medicine, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana, Department of Medical Diagnostics, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana

  https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5066-150X

  ⨯
• Christian Drosten

  Roles Conceptualization, Funding acquisition, Supervision, Writing – review & editing

  ¶‡ Co-last authors

  Affiliations Department of Theoretical and Applied Biology, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana, German Centre for Infection Research, Berlin, Germany

  ⨯