Quantum cryptanalysis of ultralightweight mutual authentication protocols: A Grover’s search model

Maham Shahzadi; Madiha Khalid; Sana Qadir; Mehdi Hussain; Umar Mujahid; Muhammad Najam-ul-Islam

doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0347296

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Open Access

Peer-reviewed

Research Article

Quantum cryptanalysis of ultralightweight mutual authentication protocols: A Grover’s search model

Maham Shahzadi ,

Contributed equally to this work with: Maham Shahzadi, Madiha Khalid, Sana Qadir, Mehdi Hussain, Umar Mujahid, Muhammad Najam-ul-Islam

Roles Formal analysis, Methodology, Writing – original draft

Affiliation Department of Computing, School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science (SEECS), National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST), Islamabad, Pakistan
⨯
Madiha Khalid ,

Contributed equally to this work with: Maham Shahzadi, Madiha Khalid, Sana Qadir, Mehdi Hussain, Umar Mujahid, Muhammad Najam-ul-Islam

Roles Conceptualization, Supervision, Writing – review & editing

* E-mail: madiha.khalid@seecs.edu.pk

Affiliation Department of Computing, School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science (SEECS), National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST), Islamabad, Pakistan

https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9069-7865

⨯
Sana Qadir ,

Contributed equally to this work with: Maham Shahzadi, Madiha Khalid, Sana Qadir, Mehdi Hussain, Umar Mujahid, Muhammad Najam-ul-Islam

Roles Validation

Affiliation Department of Computing, School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science (SEECS), National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST), Islamabad, Pakistan

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3594-2925

⨯
Mehdi Hussain ,

Contributed equally to this work with: Maham Shahzadi, Madiha Khalid, Sana Qadir, Mehdi Hussain, Umar Mujahid, Muhammad Najam-ul-Islam

Roles Visualization

Affiliation Department of Computing, School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science (SEECS), National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST), Islamabad, Pakistan
⨯
Umar Mujahid ,

Contributed equally to this work with: Maham Shahzadi, Madiha Khalid, Sana Qadir, Mehdi Hussain, Umar Mujahid, Muhammad Najam-ul-Islam

Roles Validation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Department of Information Technology, Georgia Gwinnett College, Lawrenceville, Georgia, United States of America
⨯
Muhammad Najam-ul-Islam

Contributed equally to this work with: Maham Shahzadi, Madiha Khalid, Sana Qadir, Mehdi Hussain, Umar Mujahid, Muhammad Najam-ul-Islam

Roles Supervision

Affiliation Department of Electrical Engineering, Namal University, Mianwali, Pakistan
⨯

Quantum cryptanalysis of ultralightweight mutual authentication protocols: A Grover’s search model

Maham Shahzadi,
Madiha Khalid,
Sana Qadir,
Mehdi Hussain,
Umar Mujahid,
Muhammad Najam-ul-Islam

Published: April 30, 2026
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0347296

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