Validating self-reported exclusive breastfeeding in Eswatini using stable isotope techniques

Kwanele Siyabonga Simelane; Tholakele Mhlanga; Nhlakanipho Sandziso Mkhaliphi; Siniketiwe Zwane; Glorious Dlamini; Henry Gadaga; Helen Mulol; Anna Coutsoudis

doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0346799

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Open Access

Peer-reviewed

Research Article

Validating self-reported exclusive breastfeeding in Eswatini using stable isotope techniques

Kwanele Siyabonga Simelane ,

Roles Conceptualization, Data curation, Investigation, Methodology, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

* E-mail: kwasiyas@gmail.com

Affiliation Department of Environmental Health-Food Science Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eswatini, Mbabane, Eswatini

https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2316-0675

⨯
Tholakele Mhlanga,

Roles Investigation, Methodology, Supervision, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Eswatini National Nutrition Council, Ministry of Health, Mbabane, Eswatini
⨯
Nhlakanipho Sandziso Mkhaliphi,

Roles Data curation, Formal analysis, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Eswatini National Nutrition Council, Ministry of Health, Mbabane, Eswatini
⨯
Siniketiwe Zwane,

Roles Investigation, Methodology, Supervision, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Eswatini National Nutrition Council, Ministry of Health, Mbabane, Eswatini
⨯
Glorious Dlamini,

Roles Data curation, Methodology, Supervision, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Eswatini National Nutrition Council, Ministry of Health, Mbabane, Eswatini

https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2948-4419

⨯
Henry Gadaga,

Roles Methodology, Supervision, Validation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Department of Environmental Health-Food Science Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eswatini, Mbabane, Eswatini

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2797-5479

⨯
Helen Mulol,

Roles Writing – review & editing, Methodology, Validation, Data curation

Affiliations Department of Paediatrics, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa, Research Centre for Maternal, Fetal, Newborn and Child Healthcare Strategies, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4138-2418

⨯
Anna Coutsoudis

Roles Data curation, Formal analysis, Methodology, Validation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
⨯

Validating self-reported exclusive breastfeeding in Eswatini using stable isotope techniques

Kwanele Siyabonga Simelane,
Tholakele Mhlanga,
Nhlakanipho Sandziso Mkhaliphi,
Siniketiwe Zwane,
Glorious Dlamini,
Henry Gadaga,
Helen Mulol,
Anna Coutsoudis

Published: April 15, 2026
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0346799

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Breast feeding
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Infants
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Breast milk
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Deuterium
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Parenting behavior
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Malnutrition
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Memory recall
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Stable isotopes
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