Behavioral patterns in latrine use and handwashing in rural western Kenya: Age, time of day, and the role of perceived safety

Noriko Tamari; Heidi E. Brown; Luigi Sedda; Gary L. Christopherson; Katherine D. Ellingson; Stephen Munga; Kacey C. Ernst

doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0345954

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Open Access

Peer-reviewed

Research Article

Behavioral patterns in latrine use and handwashing in rural western Kenya: Age, time of day, and the role of perceived safety

Noriko Tamari ,

Roles Conceptualization, Data curation, Formal analysis, Funding acquisition, Investigation, Methodology, Project administration, Resources, Software, Supervision, Validation, Visualization, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

* E-mail: norikotamari@arizona.edu

Affiliation Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, College of Public Health, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, United States of America

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1793-5983

⨯
Heidi E. Brown,

Roles Conceptualization, Formal analysis, Supervision, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, College of Public Health, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, United States of America

https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8578-5510

⨯
Luigi Sedda,

Roles Formal analysis, Supervision, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Lancaster Ecology and Epidemiology Group, Lancaster Medical School, Lancaster University, Lancaster, United Kingdom
⨯
Gary L. Christopherson,

Roles Conceptualization, Formal analysis, Supervision, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation School of Geography and Development, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, United States of America
⨯
Katherine D. Ellingson,

Roles Conceptualization, Formal analysis, Supervision, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, College of Public Health, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, United States of America
⨯
Stephen Munga,

Roles Supervision, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI), Centre for Global Health and Research, Kisumu, Kenya
⨯
Kacey C. Ernst

Roles Conceptualization, Formal analysis, Funding acquisition, Methodology, Supervision, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, College of Public Health, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, United States of America
⨯

Behavioral patterns in latrine use and handwashing in rural western Kenya: Age, time of day, and the role of perceived safety

Noriko Tamari,
Heidi E. Brown,
Luigi Sedda,
Gary L. Christopherson,
Katherine D. Ellingson,
Stephen Munga,
Kacey C. Ernst

Published: March 27, 2026
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0345954

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Urination
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Children
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Hygiene
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