Spatial heterogeneity and spatially varying determinants of childhood stunting in Northern Rwanda: A cross-sectional study to inform targeted interventions

• Clarisse Kagoyire ,

  Roles Conceptualization, Data curation, Formal analysis, Funding acquisition, Investigation, Methodology, Software, Validation, Visualization, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

  * E-mail: clarisse.kagoyire@nateko.lu.se

  Affiliations Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, GIS Centre, Lund University, Lund, Sweden, Centre for Geographic Information Systems and Remote Sensing, College of Science and Technology, University of Rwanda, Kigali, Rwanda

  https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3141-7568

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• Albert Ndagijimana ,

  Contributed equally to this work with: Albert Ndagijimana, Gilbert Nduwayezu, Jean Nepo Utumatwishima, Jean Pierre Mpatswenumugabo, Marie Anne Mukasafari, Diane Rinda, Vedaste Ndahindwa, Kristina Elfving, Gunilla Krantz, Torbjörn Lind, Ali Mansourian, Renée Båge, Ewa Wredle, Elias Nyandwi, Aline Umubyeyi, Jean Baptiste Ndahetuye, Petter Pilesjö

  Roles Conceptualization, Data curation, Funding acquisition, Investigation, Methodology, Writing – review & editing

  Affiliations College of Medicine and Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Rwanda, Kigali, Rwanda, Department of Clinical Sciences, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden

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• Gilbert Nduwayezu ,

  Contributed equally to this work with: Albert Ndagijimana, Gilbert Nduwayezu, Jean Nepo Utumatwishima, Jean Pierre Mpatswenumugabo, Marie Anne Mukasafari, Diane Rinda, Vedaste Ndahindwa, Kristina Elfving, Gunilla Krantz, Torbjörn Lind, Ali Mansourian, Renée Båge, Ewa Wredle, Elias Nyandwi, Aline Umubyeyi, Jean Baptiste Ndahetuye, Petter Pilesjö

  Roles Conceptualization, Data curation, Funding acquisition, Investigation, Methodology, Writing – review & editing

  Affiliations Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, GIS Centre, Lund University, Lund, Sweden, Department of Civil, Environmental and Geomatics Engineering, College of Science and Technology, University of Rwanda, Kigali, Rwanda

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• Jean Nepo Utumatwishima ,

  Contributed equally to this work with: Albert Ndagijimana, Gilbert Nduwayezu, Jean Nepo Utumatwishima, Jean Pierre Mpatswenumugabo, Marie Anne Mukasafari, Diane Rinda, Vedaste Ndahindwa, Kristina Elfving, Gunilla Krantz, Torbjörn Lind, Ali Mansourian, Renée Båge, Ewa Wredle, Elias Nyandwi, Aline Umubyeyi, Jean Baptiste Ndahetuye, Petter Pilesjö

  Roles Conceptualization, Data curation, Funding acquisition, Investigation, Writing – review & editing

  Affiliations College of Medicine and Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Rwanda, Kigali, Rwanda, Department of Public Health and Community Medicine, Institution of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden

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• Jean Pierre Mpatswenumugabo ,

  Contributed equally to this work with: Albert Ndagijimana, Gilbert Nduwayezu, Jean Nepo Utumatwishima, Jean Pierre Mpatswenumugabo, Marie Anne Mukasafari, Diane Rinda, Vedaste Ndahindwa, Kristina Elfving, Gunilla Krantz, Torbjörn Lind, Ali Mansourian, Renée Båge, Ewa Wredle, Elias Nyandwi, Aline Umubyeyi, Jean Baptiste Ndahetuye, Petter Pilesjö

  Roles Conceptualization, Data curation, Funding acquisition, Investigation, Methodology, Writing – review & editing

  Affiliations Department of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden, Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Agriculture, Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, University of Rwanda, Nyagatare, Rwanda

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• Marie Anne Mukasafari ,

  Contributed equally to this work with: Albert Ndagijimana, Gilbert Nduwayezu, Jean Nepo Utumatwishima, Jean Pierre Mpatswenumugabo, Marie Anne Mukasafari, Diane Rinda, Vedaste Ndahindwa, Kristina Elfving, Gunilla Krantz, Torbjörn Lind, Ali Mansourian, Renée Båge, Ewa Wredle, Elias Nyandwi, Aline Umubyeyi, Jean Baptiste Ndahetuye, Petter Pilesjö

  Roles Conceptualization, Data curation, Funding acquisition, Investigation, Methodology, Writing – review & editing

  Affiliations Department of Applied Animal Science and Welfare, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden, Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Agriculture, Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, University of Rwanda, Nyagatare, Rwanda

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• Diane Rinda ,

  Contributed equally to this work with: Albert Ndagijimana, Gilbert Nduwayezu, Jean Nepo Utumatwishima, Jean Pierre Mpatswenumugabo, Marie Anne Mukasafari, Diane Rinda, Vedaste Ndahindwa, Kristina Elfving, Gunilla Krantz, Torbjörn Lind, Ali Mansourian, Renée Båge, Ewa Wredle, Elias Nyandwi, Aline Umubyeyi, Jean Baptiste Ndahetuye, Petter Pilesjö

  Roles Conceptualization, Data curation, Funding acquisition, Investigation, Writing – review & editing

  Affiliations College of Medicine and Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Rwanda, Kigali, Rwanda, Department of Public Health and Community Medicine, Institution of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden

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• Vedaste Ndahindwa ,

  Contributed equally to this work with: Albert Ndagijimana, Gilbert Nduwayezu, Jean Nepo Utumatwishima, Jean Pierre Mpatswenumugabo, Marie Anne Mukasafari, Diane Rinda, Vedaste Ndahindwa, Kristina Elfving, Gunilla Krantz, Torbjörn Lind, Ali Mansourian, Renée Båge, Ewa Wredle, Elias Nyandwi, Aline Umubyeyi, Jean Baptiste Ndahetuye, Petter Pilesjö

  Roles Conceptualization, Data curation, Funding acquisition, Investigation, Writing – review & editing

  Affiliations College of Medicine and Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Rwanda, Kigali, Rwanda, Department of Clinical Sciences, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden

  https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0782-354X

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• Kristina Elfving ,

  Contributed equally to this work with: Albert Ndagijimana, Gilbert Nduwayezu, Jean Nepo Utumatwishima, Jean Pierre Mpatswenumugabo, Marie Anne Mukasafari, Diane Rinda, Vedaste Ndahindwa, Kristina Elfving, Gunilla Krantz, Torbjörn Lind, Ali Mansourian, Renée Båge, Ewa Wredle, Elias Nyandwi, Aline Umubyeyi, Jean Baptiste Ndahetuye, Petter Pilesjö

  Roles Conceptualization, Data curation, Funding acquisition, Investigation, Methodology, Project administration, Supervision, Validation, Writing – review & editing

  Affiliations Department of Public Health and Community Medicine, Institution of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden, Department of Pediatrics, Institution of Clinical Sciences, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden

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• Gunilla Krantz ,

  Contributed equally to this work with: Albert Ndagijimana, Gilbert Nduwayezu, Jean Nepo Utumatwishima, Jean Pierre Mpatswenumugabo, Marie Anne Mukasafari, Diane Rinda, Vedaste Ndahindwa, Kristina Elfving, Gunilla Krantz, Torbjörn Lind, Ali Mansourian, Renée Båge, Ewa Wredle, Elias Nyandwi, Aline Umubyeyi, Jean Baptiste Ndahetuye, Petter Pilesjö

  Roles Conceptualization, Data curation, Funding acquisition, Investigation, Methodology, Project administration, Resources, Supervision, Writing – review & editing

  Affiliation Department of Public Health and Community Medicine, Institution of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden

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• Torbjörn Lind ,

  Contributed equally to this work with: Albert Ndagijimana, Gilbert Nduwayezu, Jean Nepo Utumatwishima, Jean Pierre Mpatswenumugabo, Marie Anne Mukasafari, Diane Rinda, Vedaste Ndahindwa, Kristina Elfving, Gunilla Krantz, Torbjörn Lind, Ali Mansourian, Renée Båge, Ewa Wredle, Elias Nyandwi, Aline Umubyeyi, Jean Baptiste Ndahetuye, Petter Pilesjö

  Roles Conceptualization, Data curation, Funding acquisition, Investigation, Methodology, Supervision, Writing – review & editing

  Affiliation Department of Clinical Sciences, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden

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• Ali Mansourian ,

  Contributed equally to this work with: Albert Ndagijimana, Gilbert Nduwayezu, Jean Nepo Utumatwishima, Jean Pierre Mpatswenumugabo, Marie Anne Mukasafari, Diane Rinda, Vedaste Ndahindwa, Kristina Elfving, Gunilla Krantz, Torbjörn Lind, Ali Mansourian, Renée Båge, Ewa Wredle, Elias Nyandwi, Aline Umubyeyi, Jean Baptiste Ndahetuye, Petter Pilesjö

  Roles Conceptualization, Data curation, Funding acquisition, Investigation, Methodology, Software, Supervision, Validation, Writing – review & editing

  Affiliation Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, GIS Centre, Lund University, Lund, Sweden

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• Renée Båge ,

  Contributed equally to this work with: Albert Ndagijimana, Gilbert Nduwayezu, Jean Nepo Utumatwishima, Jean Pierre Mpatswenumugabo, Marie Anne Mukasafari, Diane Rinda, Vedaste Ndahindwa, Kristina Elfving, Gunilla Krantz, Torbjörn Lind, Ali Mansourian, Renée Båge, Ewa Wredle, Elias Nyandwi, Aline Umubyeyi, Jean Baptiste Ndahetuye, Petter Pilesjö

  Roles Conceptualization, Data curation, Funding acquisition, Investigation, Methodology, Supervision, Writing – review & editing

  Affiliation Department of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden

  ⨯
• Ewa Wredle ,

  Contributed equally to this work with: Albert Ndagijimana, Gilbert Nduwayezu, Jean Nepo Utumatwishima, Jean Pierre Mpatswenumugabo, Marie Anne Mukasafari, Diane Rinda, Vedaste Ndahindwa, Kristina Elfving, Gunilla Krantz, Torbjörn Lind, Ali Mansourian, Renée Båge, Ewa Wredle, Elias Nyandwi, Aline Umubyeyi, Jean Baptiste Ndahetuye, Petter Pilesjö

  Roles Conceptualization, Data curation, Funding acquisition, Investigation, Methodology, Supervision, Writing – review & editing

  Affiliation Department of Applied Animal Science and Welfare, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden

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• Elias Nyandwi ,

  Contributed equally to this work with: Albert Ndagijimana, Gilbert Nduwayezu, Jean Nepo Utumatwishima, Jean Pierre Mpatswenumugabo, Marie Anne Mukasafari, Diane Rinda, Vedaste Ndahindwa, Kristina Elfving, Gunilla Krantz, Torbjörn Lind, Ali Mansourian, Renée Båge, Ewa Wredle, Elias Nyandwi, Aline Umubyeyi, Jean Baptiste Ndahetuye, Petter Pilesjö

  Roles Conceptualization, Data curation, Funding acquisition, Investigation, Methodology, Supervision, Validation, Writing – review & editing

  Affiliation Centre for Geographic Information Systems and Remote Sensing, College of Science and Technology, University of Rwanda, Kigali, Rwanda

  ⨯
• Aline Umubyeyi ,

  Contributed equally to this work with: Albert Ndagijimana, Gilbert Nduwayezu, Jean Nepo Utumatwishima, Jean Pierre Mpatswenumugabo, Marie Anne Mukasafari, Diane Rinda, Vedaste Ndahindwa, Kristina Elfving, Gunilla Krantz, Torbjörn Lind, Ali Mansourian, Renée Båge, Ewa Wredle, Elias Nyandwi, Aline Umubyeyi, Jean Baptiste Ndahetuye, Petter Pilesjö

  Roles Conceptualization, Data curation, Funding acquisition, Investigation, Methodology, Project administration, Resources, Supervision, Writing – review & editing

  Affiliation College of Medicine and Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Rwanda, Kigali, Rwanda

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• Jean Baptiste Ndahetuye ,

  Contributed equally to this work with: Albert Ndagijimana, Gilbert Nduwayezu, Jean Nepo Utumatwishima, Jean Pierre Mpatswenumugabo, Marie Anne Mukasafari, Diane Rinda, Vedaste Ndahindwa, Kristina Elfving, Gunilla Krantz, Torbjörn Lind, Ali Mansourian, Renée Båge, Ewa Wredle, Elias Nyandwi, Aline Umubyeyi, Jean Baptiste Ndahetuye, Petter Pilesjö

  Roles Conceptualization, Funding acquisition, Investigation, Methodology, Supervision, Writing – review & editing

  Affiliation Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Agriculture, Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, University of Rwanda, Nyagatare, Rwanda

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•  [ ... ],
• Petter Pilesjö

  Contributed equally to this work with: Albert Ndagijimana, Gilbert Nduwayezu, Jean Nepo Utumatwishima, Jean Pierre Mpatswenumugabo, Marie Anne Mukasafari, Diane Rinda, Vedaste Ndahindwa, Kristina Elfving, Gunilla Krantz, Torbjörn Lind, Ali Mansourian, Renée Båge, Ewa Wredle, Elias Nyandwi, Aline Umubyeyi, Jean Baptiste Ndahetuye, Petter Pilesjö

  Roles Conceptualization, Data curation, Formal analysis, Funding acquisition, Investigation, Methodology, Project administration, Supervision, Validation, Writing – review & editing

  Affiliation Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, GIS Centre, Lund University, Lund, Sweden

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