Antibacterial properties of experimentally produced birch tar and its medicinal affordances in the Pleistocene

• Tjaark Siemssen ,

  Roles Conceptualization, Formal analysis, Investigation, Methodology, Writing – original draft

  * E-mail: tsiemss1@uni-koeln.de

  Affiliations Institute for Prehistory, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany, Institute of Archaeology & Merton College, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom

  https://orcid.org/0009-0003-0210-1040

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• Aderonke Oludare,

  Roles Data curation, Formal analysis, Investigation, Methodology, Writing – original draft

  Affiliation Department of Chemistry, Cape Breton University, Sydney, Canada

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• Marcel Schemmel,

  Roles Investigation, Writing – review & editing

  Affiliation TraceoLab, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium

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• Janos Puschmann,

  Roles Investigation, Writing – review & editing

  Affiliations Institute for Prehistory, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany, Department of Geology and Mineralogy, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany

  https://orcid.org/0009-0003-6778-8488

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• Matthias Bierenstiel

  Roles Conceptualization, Funding acquisition, Methodology, Project administration, Supervision, Writing – review & editing

  Affiliation Department of Chemistry, Cape Breton University, Sydney, Canada

  https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8433-2664

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