Toward Industry 5.0: A WebSocket–S7 Bridge for Low-Latency, IEC 61588-Compliant Digital Twins in Remote Industrial Automation

• Mohammed Hlayel ,

  Roles Conceptualization, Data curation, Formal analysis, Investigation, Methodology, Software, Visualization, Writing – original draft

  * E-mail: mohammed.hlayel@fchs.ac.ae (MH); mhayajneh@uaeu.ac.ae (MH)

  Affiliations Fatima College of Health Sciences, Institute of Applied Technology, Abu Dhabi, UAE, Faculty of Computer Science and Information Technology, Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia, Parit Raja, Johor, Malaysia

  https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3410-3679

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• Hairulnizam Mahdin,

  Roles Project administration, Resources, Supervision, Validation

  Affiliations Faculty of Computer Science and Information Technology, Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia, Parit Raja, Johor, Malaysia, Faculty of Computer Science, University of Brawijaya, Malang, Indonesia

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• Mohammad Hayajneh ,

  Roles Data curation, Funding acquisition, Resources, Software, Writing – review & editing

  * E-mail: mohammed.hlayel@fchs.ac.ae (MH); mhayajneh@uaeu.ac.ae (MH)

  Affiliation College of Information Technology, United Arab Emirates University, Al-Ain, Abu Dhabi, UAE

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• Heru Nurwarsito

  Roles Resources, Software, Validation

  Affiliation Faculty of Computer Science, University of Brawijaya, Malang, Indonesia

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