Attention and residual mechanism-based CNN architecture (ARC-Net) with enhanced fairness generalization for deepfake facial image detection

• Md Shihab Reza ,

  Contributed equally to this work with: Md Shihab Reza, Farhana Elias

  Roles Conceptualization, Data curation, Methodology, Resources, Software, Writing – original draft

  Affiliations Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, North South University, Dhaka, Bangladesh, Design Inclusion & Access Lab, North South University, Dhaka, Bangladesh

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• Farhana Elias ,

  Contributed equally to this work with: Md Shihab Reza, Farhana Elias

  Roles Conceptualization, Data curation, Formal analysis, Methodology, Writing – review & editing

  Affiliations Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, North South University, Dhaka, Bangladesh, Design Inclusion & Access Lab, North South University, Dhaka, Bangladesh

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• Monirul Islam Mahmud ,

  Roles Conceptualization, Data curation, Formal analysis, Methodology, Software, Writing – original draft

  * E-mail: mahmudislam2025@gmail.com

  Affiliations Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, North South University, Dhaka, Bangladesh, Design Inclusion & Access Lab, North South University, Dhaka, Bangladesh

  https://orcid.org/0009-0005-2812-8553

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• Nova Ahmed

  Roles Project administration, Resources, Supervision, Writing – review & editing

  Affiliations Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, North South University, Dhaka, Bangladesh, Design Inclusion & Access Lab, North South University, Dhaka, Bangladesh

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