Decentralized trust optimization in VANETs: A blockchain-driven hybrid PoS-PBFT architecture for enhanced security and energy-efficient communication

• Asad Ullah,

  Roles Conceptualization, Data curation, Software, Writing – review & editing

  Affiliation School of Information Engineering, Xi’an Eurasia University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China

  https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0752-5398

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• Zia Ullah,

  Roles Methodology

  Affiliation Department of Computer Software Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Mardan, Mardan, Pakistan

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• Sanam Shahla Rizvi,

  Roles Investigation

  Affiliation Raptor Interactive (Pty) Ltd., Centurion, South Africa

  https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4694-3250

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• Ibrar Ali Shah,

  Roles Formal analysis

  Affiliation Department of Computer Software Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Mardan, Mardan, Pakistan

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• Se Jin Kwon

  Roles Software, Validation, Writing – review & editing

  * E-mail: skwon1109@gmail.com

  Affiliation Department of Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence, Dongguk University, Seoul, South Korea

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