Autoimmune diseases as pre-existing conditions and sequelae of post COVID-19 condition in a Massachusetts community based observational study of COVID-19 patients

Susan R. Sama; Rebecca Gore; Ann Z. Bauer; Lawrence Garber; Richard Rosiello; Meagan Fair; David Kriebel

doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0337848

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Open Access

Peer-reviewed

Research Article

Autoimmune diseases as pre-existing conditions and sequelae of post COVID-19 condition in a Massachusetts community based observational study of COVID-19 patients

Susan R. Sama ,

Roles Conceptualization, Data curation, Formal analysis, Investigation, Methodology, Project administration, Resources, Supervision, Validation, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

* E-mail: Susan_Sama@uml.edu

Affiliations Department of Public Health, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, Massachusetts, United States of America, Reliant Medical Group, Inc., Worcester, Massachusetts, United States of America

https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0182-598X

⨯
Rebecca Gore,

Roles Conceptualization, Data curation, Formal analysis, Investigation, Methodology, Software, Validation, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Department of Public Health, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, Massachusetts, United States of America
⨯
Ann Z. Bauer,

Roles Conceptualization, Data curation, Formal analysis, Investigation, Methodology, Project administration, Validation, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Department of Public Health, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, Massachusetts, United States of America
⨯
Lawrence Garber,

Roles Conceptualization, Data curation, Methodology, Resources, Supervision, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Reliant Medical Group, Inc., Worcester, Massachusetts, United States of America
⨯
Richard Rosiello,

Roles Conceptualization, Methodology, Supervision, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Reliant Medical Group, Inc., Worcester, Massachusetts, United States of America
⨯
Meagan Fair,

Roles Conceptualization, Data curation, Formal analysis, Software, Validation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Reliant Medical Group, Inc., Worcester, Massachusetts, United States of America
⨯
David Kriebel

Roles Conceptualization, Formal analysis, Investigation, Methodology, Resources, Validation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Department of Public Health, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, Massachusetts, United States of America
⨯

Autoimmune diseases as pre-existing conditions and sequelae of post COVID-19 condition in a Massachusetts community based observational study of COVID-19 patients

Susan R. Sama,
Rebecca Gore,
Ann Z. Bauer,
Lawrence Garber,
Richard Rosiello,
Meagan Fair,
David Kriebel

Published: December 3, 2025
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0337848

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