Multimodal instruction with AI-generated images for noun retention: Exploring semantic scene and materiality effects

• Gaojie Ye,

  Roles Conceptualization, Investigation, Methodology, Project administration, Supervision, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

  Affiliation Public Course Teaching Department, Anhui Vocational College of Defense Technology, Lu’an, China

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• Shibo Yan

  Roles Data curation, Formal analysis, Software, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

  * E-mail: 242924740@s.klust.edu.my

  Affiliations Department Of Information Technology, Anhui Vocational College of Defense Technology, Lu’an, China, Faculty of Engineering, Science and Technology, Kuala Lumpur University of Science and Technology, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia

  https://orcid.org/0009-0004-4362-5163

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