Investigating the evolutionary dynamics and mutational pattern of SARS-CoV-2 spike gene on selected SARS-CoV-2 variants

Bachir Balech; Alessandra Lo Presti; Claudia Telegrafo; Lucia Maisto; Emanuela Giombini; Angela Di Martino; Luigina Ambrosio; Apollonia Tullo; Paola Stefanelli; on behalf of the Italian Genomic Laboratory Network

doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0333093

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Open Access

Peer-reviewed

Research Article

Investigating the evolutionary dynamics and mutational pattern of SARS-CoV-2 spike gene on selected SARS-CoV-2 variants

Bachir Balech ,

Contributed equally to this work with: Bachir Balech, Alessandra Lo Presti

Roles Conceptualization, Data curation, Formal analysis, Investigation, Methodology, Software, Supervision, Validation, Visualization, Writing – original draft

* E-mail: b.balech@ibiom.cnr.it

Affiliation Institute of Biomembranes, Bioenergetics and Molecular Biotechnologies, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Bari, Italy

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4419-0729

⨯
Alessandra Lo Presti ,

Contributed equally to this work with: Bachir Balech, Alessandra Lo Presti

Roles Conceptualization, Data curation, Formal analysis, Investigation, Methodology, Software, Validation, Writing – original draft

Affiliation Department of Infectious Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
⨯
Claudia Telegrafo,

Roles Methodology, Software, Validation, Visualization, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Institute of Biomembranes, Bioenergetics and Molecular Biotechnologies, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Bari, Italy
⨯
Lucia Maisto,

Roles Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Institute of Biomembranes, Bioenergetics and Molecular Biotechnologies, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Bari, Italy
⨯
Emanuela Giombini,

Roles Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Department of Infectious Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
⨯
Angela Di Martino,

Roles Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Department of Infectious Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
⨯
Luigina Ambrosio,

Roles Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Department of Infectious Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
⨯
Apollonia Tullo,

Roles Funding acquisition, Project administration, Supervision, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Institute of Biomembranes, Bioenergetics and Molecular Biotechnologies, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Bari, Italy
⨯
Paola Stefanelli,

Roles Conceptualization, Funding acquisition, Project administration, Supervision, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Department of Infectious Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
⨯
on behalf of the Italian Genomic Laboratory Network

¶Membership of Italian Genomic Laboratory Network, coordinated by Paola Stefanelli (paola.stefanelli@iss.it), is provided in the Acknowledgments

Affiliation Institute of Biomembranes, Bioenergetics and Molecular Biotechnologies, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Bari, Italy
⨯

Investigating the evolutionary dynamics and mutational pattern of SARS-CoV-2 spike gene on selected SARS-CoV-2 variants

Bachir Balech,
Alessandra Lo Presti,
Claudia Telegrafo,
Lucia Maisto,
Emanuela Giombini,
Angela Di Martino,
Luigina Ambrosio,
Apollonia Tullo,
Paola Stefanelli,
on behalf of the Italian Genomic Laboratory Network

Published: October 21, 2025
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0333093

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