Shifting respiratory pathogens: Post-COVID-19 trends in community-acquired infections in underserved communities

Rayane Rafei; Marwan Osman; Bashir Amer Barake; Hassan Mallat; Fouad Dabboussi; Monzer Hamze

doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0329481

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Open Access

Peer-reviewed

Research Article

Shifting respiratory pathogens: Post-COVID-19 trends in community-acquired infections in underserved communities

Rayane Rafei,

Roles Conceptualization, Formal analysis, Investigation, Validation, Visualization, Writing – original draft

Affiliation Laboratoire Microbiologie Santé et Environnement (LMSE), Doctoral School for Science and Technology, Faculty of Public Health, Lebanese University, Tripoli, Lebanon

https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9633-1290

⨯
Marwan Osman ,

Roles Conceptualization, Formal analysis, Investigation, Validation, Visualization, Writing – original draft

* E-mail: marwan.osman@yale.edu, mo368@cornell.edu (MO); mhamze@ul.edu.lb (MH)

Affiliation Department of Neurosurgery, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6235-2760

⨯
Bashir Amer Barake,

Roles Investigation, Validation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation LAU Gilbert and Rose-Marie Chagoury School of Medicine, Byblos, Lebanon
⨯
Hassan Mallat,

Roles Investigation, Validation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Laboratoire Microbiologie Santé et Environnement (LMSE), Doctoral School for Science and Technology, Faculty of Public Health, Lebanese University, Tripoli, Lebanon
⨯
Fouad Dabboussi,

Roles Conceptualization, Formal analysis, Investigation, Validation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Laboratoire Microbiologie Santé et Environnement (LMSE), Doctoral School for Science and Technology, Faculty of Public Health, Lebanese University, Tripoli, Lebanon
⨯
Monzer Hamze

Roles Conceptualization, Formal analysis, Funding acquisition, Investigation, Validation, Writing – review & editing

* E-mail: marwan.osman@yale.edu, mo368@cornell.edu (MO); mhamze@ul.edu.lb (MH)

Affiliations Laboratoire Microbiologie Santé et Environnement (LMSE), Doctoral School for Science and Technology, Faculty of Public Health, Lebanese University, Tripoli, Lebanon, Clinical Laboratory, Nini Hospital, Microbiology Department, Tripoli, Lebanon

https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7466-5118

⨯

Shifting respiratory pathogens: Post-COVID-19 trends in community-acquired infections in underserved communities

Rayane Rafei,
Marwan Osman,
Bashir Amer Barake,
Hassan Mallat,
Fouad Dabboussi,
Monzer Hamze

Published: August 22, 2025
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0329481

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Influenza
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