Production of secondary particles from cosmic ray interactions in the earth’s atmosphere: Implications for annual effective dose, 14C/12C ratio, and magnetic field effects

Mehdi Hassanpour; Mohammadreza Rezaie; Yassin Heydarizade; Mohammad Rashed Iqbal Faruque; Marzieh Hassanpour

doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0328915

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Open Access

Peer-reviewed

Research Article

Production of secondary particles from cosmic ray interactions in the earth’s atmosphere: Implications for annual effective dose, ¹⁴C/¹²C ratio, and magnetic field effects

Mehdi Hassanpour ,

Roles Conceptualization, Data curation, Formal analysis, Investigation, Methodology, Software, Validation, Visualization, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

* E-mail: p109951@siswa.ukm.edu.my (MH); rashed@ukm.edu.my (MR); mr.rezaie@kgut.ac.ir (MRIF)

Affiliation Space Science Centre (ANGKASA), Institute of Climate Change (IPI), Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi, Selangor D. E., Malaysia

https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2392-0662

⨯
Mohammadreza Rezaie ,

Roles Conceptualization, Data curation, Formal analysis, Investigation, Methodology, Software, Supervision, Validation, Visualization, Writing – review & editing

* E-mail: p109951@siswa.ukm.edu.my (MH); rashed@ukm.edu.my (MR); mr.rezaie@kgut.ac.ir (MRIF)

Affiliation Department of Nuclear Engineering, Faculty of Modern Sciences and Technologies, Graduate University of Advanced Technology, Kerman, Iran
⨯
Yassin Heydarizade,

Roles Conceptualization, Data curation, Formal analysis, Investigation, Methodology, Software, Validation, Visualization, Writing – original draft

Affiliation Department of Nuclear Engineering, Faculty of Modern Sciences and Technologies, Graduate University of Advanced Technology, Kerman, Iran
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Mohammad Rashed Iqbal Faruque ,

Roles Funding acquisition, Project administration, Resources, Supervision, Validation, Visualization, Writing – review & editing

* E-mail: p109951@siswa.ukm.edu.my (MH); rashed@ukm.edu.my (MR); mr.rezaie@kgut.ac.ir (MRIF)

Affiliation Space Science Centre (ANGKASA), Institute of Climate Change (IPI), Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi, Selangor D. E., Malaysia
⨯
Marzieh Hassanpour

Roles Conceptualization, Data curation, Formal analysis, Investigation, Methodology, Software, Validation, Visualization, Writing – original draft

Affiliation Space Science Centre (ANGKASA), Institute of Climate Change (IPI), Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi, Selangor D. E., Malaysia
⨯

Production of secondary particles from cosmic ray interactions in the earth’s atmosphere: Implications for annual effective dose, ¹⁴C/¹²C ratio, and magnetic field effects

Mehdi Hassanpour,
Mohammadreza Rezaie,
Yassin Heydarizade,
Mohammad Rashed Iqbal Faruque,
Marzieh Hassanpour

Published: October 23, 2025
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0328915

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