Does an improved HDI trigger tourism outflows for China? New evidence from the ARDL cointegration approach

• Ahsan Akbar,

  Roles Conceptualization, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

  Affiliations International Business School, Guangzhou City University of Technology, Guangzhou, China, Department of Recreology and Tourism, Faculty of Informatics and Management, University of Hradec Kralove, Hradec Kralove, Czechia

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• Farrukh Nawaz,

  Roles Data curation, Resources, Writing – original draft

  Affiliation Faculty of Business Studies, Arab Open University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia

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• Xie Hui ,

  Roles Funding acquisition, Resources, Software, Validation, Visualization

  * E-mail: xiehui@gcu.edu

  Affiliation School of Jewelry, Guangzhou City University of Technology, Guangzhou, China

  https://orcid.org/0009-0000-0440-8837

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• Irfan Ullah,

  Roles Data curation, Formal analysis, Methodology, Resources

  Affiliation Reading Academy, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing, People’s Republic of China

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• Minhas Akbar,

  Roles Validation, Visualization, Writing – review & editing

  Affiliations Department of Recreology and Tourism, Faculty of Informatics and Management, University of Hradec Kralove, Hradec Kralove, Czechia, Faculty of Business and Communications, INTI International University, Nilai, Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia

  https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6639-0553

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• Veronika Zidova,

  Roles Funding acquisition, Project administration, Resources, Supervision, Validation, Visualization

  Affiliation Department of Recreology and Tourism, Faculty of Informatics and Management, University of Hradec Kralove, Hradec Kralove, Czechia

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• Asokan Vasudevan

  Roles Funding acquisition, Validation, Visualization, Writing – review & editing

  Affiliation Faculty of Business and Communications, INTI International University, Nilai, Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia

  https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9866-4045

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