Exploring the consistency, quality and challenges in manual and automated coding of free-text diagnoses from hospital outpatient letters

• Warren Del-Pinto ,

  Roles Data curation, Investigation, Methodology, Validation, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

  * E-mail: warren.del-pinto@manchester.ac.uk

  Affiliation Department of Computer Science, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom

  https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3307-9432

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• George Demetriou,

  Roles Formal analysis, Investigation, Methodology, Software, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

  Affiliation Department of Computer Science, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom

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• Meghna Jani,

  Roles Data curation, Writing – review & editing

  Affiliations Centre for Epidemiology Versus Arthritis, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom, NIHR Manchester Biomedical Research Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom, The Northern Care Alliance NHS Foundation Trust, Salford, United Kingdom

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• Rikesh Patel,

  Roles Data curation

  Affiliation Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, United Kingdom

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• Leanne Gray,

  Roles Data curation

  Affiliation University Hospitals of Morecambe Bay NHS Foundation Trust, Kendal, United Kingdom

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• Alex Bulcock,

  Roles Data curation, Validation

  Affiliation The Northern Care Alliance NHS Foundation Trust, Salford, United Kingdom

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• Niels Peek,

  Roles Conceptualization, Funding acquisition, Writing – review & editing

  Affiliations Division of Informatics, Imaging and Data Science, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, United Kingdom

  https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6393-9969

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• Andrew S. Kanter,

  Roles Funding acquisition, Validation, Writing – review & editing

  Affiliations Intelligent Medical Objects, Inc., Northbrook, Illinois, United States of America, Department of Biomedical Informatics and Epidemiology, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America

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• William G. Dixon,

  Roles Conceptualization, Formal analysis, Funding acquisition, Methodology, Software, Validation, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

  Affiliations Centre for Epidemiology Versus Arthritis, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom, The Northern Care Alliance NHS Foundation Trust, Salford, United Kingdom, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, United Kingdom

  https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5881-4857

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• Goran Nenadic

  Roles Conceptualization, Funding acquisition, Methodology, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

  Affiliation Department of Computer Science, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom

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