Finger drawing on smartphone screens enables early Parkinson’s disease detection through hybrid 1D-CNN and BiGRU deep learning architecture

• Zhaohui Zhu,

  Roles Conceptualization, Data curation, Formal analysis, Software, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

  Affiliations School of Public Administration, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China, School of Computer Science and Technology, Huaiyin Normal University, Huaian, China

  https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8494-0152

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• E Wu,

  Roles Data curation, Methodology, Writing – review & editing

  Affiliation Rehabilitation and Nursing School, Hangzhou Vocational & Technical College, Hangzhou, China

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• Pengfei Leng,

  Roles Data curation, Methodology, Software, Writing – review & editing

  Affiliation School of Computer Science and Technology, Zhejiang University of Water Resources and Electric Power, Hangzhou, China

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• Jiajun Sun,

  Roles Data curation, Writing – review & editing

  Affiliation School of Computer Science and Technology, Huaiyin Normal University, Huaian, China

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• Mingming Ma ,

  Roles Conceptualization, Methodology, Validation, Writing – review & editing

  * E-mail: hanyuxuan88@hotmail.com (MM); zgpan@nuist.edu.cn (ZP)

  Affiliation Department of Neurology, Hangzhou Red Cross Hospital, Hangzhou, China

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• Zhigeng Pan

  Roles Conceptualization, Funding acquisition, Methodology, Project administration, Supervision, Writing – review & editing

  * E-mail: hanyuxuan88@hotmail.com (MM); zgpan@nuist.edu.cn (ZP)

  Affiliations School of Artificial Intelligence, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing, China, AI Lab, Nanjing MUST Science and Technology Research Institute, Nanjing, China

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