Deep learning reveals that multidimensional social status drives population variation in 11,875 US participant cohort

Justin Marotta; Shambhavi Aggarwal; Nicole Osayande; Karin Saltoun; Jakub Kopal; Avram J. Holmes; Sarah W. Yip; Danilo Bzdok

doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0327729

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Open Access

Peer-reviewed

Research Article

Deep learning reveals that multidimensional social status drives population variation in 11,875 US participant cohort

Justin Marotta,

Roles Data curation, Formal analysis, Investigation, Methodology, Software, Validation, Visualization, Writing – original draft

Affiliations McConnell Brain Imaging Centre, Montreal Neurological Institute (MNI), McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada, Mila - Quebec Artificial Intelligence Institute, Montreal, Quebec, Canada

https://orcid.org/0009-0004-5285-7759

⨯
Shambhavi Aggarwal,

Roles Writing – review & editing

Affiliations McConnell Brain Imaging Centre, Montreal Neurological Institute (MNI), McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada, Mila - Quebec Artificial Intelligence Institute, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
⨯
Nicole Osayande,

Roles Writing – review & editing

Affiliations McConnell Brain Imaging Centre, Montreal Neurological Institute (MNI), McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada, Mila - Quebec Artificial Intelligence Institute, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
⨯
Karin Saltoun,

Roles Writing – review & editing

Affiliations McConnell Brain Imaging Centre, Montreal Neurological Institute (MNI), McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada, Mila - Quebec Artificial Intelligence Institute, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
⨯
Jakub Kopal,

Roles Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Centre for Precision Psychiatry, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
⨯
Avram J. Holmes,

Roles Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Department of Psychiatry, Brain Health Institute, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey, United States of America
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Sarah W. Yip,

Roles Writing – review & editing

Affiliations Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America, Child Study Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
⨯
Danilo Bzdok

Roles Conceptualization, Supervision, Writing – review & editing

* E-mail: danilo.bzdok@mcgill.ca

Affiliations McConnell Brain Imaging Centre, Montreal Neurological Institute (MNI), McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada, Mila - Quebec Artificial Intelligence Institute, Montreal, Quebec, Canada, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada, School of Computer Science, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
⨯

Deep learning reveals that multidimensional social status drives population variation in 11,875 US participant cohort

Justin Marotta,
Shambhavi Aggarwal,
Nicole Osayande,
Karin Saltoun,
Jakub Kopal,
Avram J. Holmes,
Sarah W. Yip,
Danilo Bzdok

Published: August 13, 2025
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0327729

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