Decentralised trials for hearing and tinnitus therapies: Lessons from the Digital thErapy For Improved tiNnitus carE (DEFINE) randomised controlled trial

Joseph Salem; Dhiraj Sharma; Amy Moore; Olivia Dantonio; Luke Twelves; Emma Ogburn; Michael Young; Jan Multmeier; Jameel Muzaffar; Matthew E. Smith

doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0324927

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Open Access

Peer-reviewed

Research Article

Decentralised trials for hearing and tinnitus therapies: Lessons from the Digital thErapy For Improved tiNnitus carE (DEFINE) randomised controlled trial

Joseph Salem,

Roles Formal analysis, Methodology, Project administration, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

Affiliations Univeristy College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom, Oto Health, London, United Kingdom
⨯
Dhiraj Sharma,

Roles Investigation, Project administration, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

Affiliations Imperial College Healthcare NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom, Oto Health, London, United Kingdom

https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1191-9461

⨯
Amy Moore,

Roles Data curation, Project administration

Affiliation Lindus Health, London, United Kingdom
⨯
Olivia Dantonio,

Roles Data curation, Project administration

Affiliation Lindus Health, London, United Kingdom
⨯
Luke Twelves,

Roles Data curation, Project administration

Affiliation Lindus Health, London, United Kingdom

https://orcid.org/0009-0001-9137-9727

⨯
Emma Ogburn,

Roles Project administration

Affiliation Lindus Health, London, United Kingdom
⨯
Michael Young,

Roles Data curation, Project administration

Affiliation Lindus Health, London, United Kingdom
⨯
Jan Multmeier,

Roles Formal analysis

Affiliations Lindus Health, London, United Kingdom, TotalEffects, Berlin, Germany
⨯
Jameel Muzaffar,

Roles Conceptualization, Formal analysis, Project administration, Supervision, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

Affiliations Oto Health, London, United Kingdom, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, United Kingdom

https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3065-0269

⨯
Matthew E. Smith

Roles Conceptualization, Investigation, Methodology, Supervision, Writing – review & editing

* E-mail: m.e.smith@doctors.org.uk, mes39@cam.ac.uk

Affiliations University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, United Kingdom

https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8147-1549

⨯

Decentralised trials for hearing and tinnitus therapies: Lessons from the Digital thErapy For Improved tiNnitus carE (DEFINE) randomised controlled trial

Joseph Salem,
Dhiraj Sharma,
Amy Moore,
Olivia Dantonio,
Luke Twelves,
Emma Ogburn,
Michael Young,
Jan Multmeier,
Jameel Muzaffar,
Matthew E. Smith

Published: August 14, 2025
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0324927

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