Prevalence of symptom exaggeration among North American independent medical evaluation examinees: A systematic review of observational studies

• Andrea J. Darzi,

  Roles Conceptualization, Data curation, Formal analysis, Investigation, Methodology, Project administration, Resources, Software, Supervision, Validation, Visualization, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

  Affiliations Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada, Michael G. DeGroote National Pain Centre, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada, Department of Anesthesia, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada

  https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2498-1697

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• Li Wang,

  Roles Data curation, Formal analysis, Writing – review & editing

  Affiliations Michael G. DeGroote National Pain Centre, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada, Department of Anesthesia, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada, Michael G. DeGroote Institute for Pain Research and Care, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada

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• John J. Riva,

  Roles Data curation, Methodology, Validation, Writing – review & editing

  Affiliation Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada

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• Rami Z. Morsi,

  Roles Data curation, Writing – review & editing

  Affiliation Department of Neurology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America

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• Rana Charide,

  Roles Data curation, Writing – review & editing

  Affiliation Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada

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• Rachel J. Couban,

  Roles Conceptualization, Data curation, Writing – review & editing

  Affiliation Michael G. DeGroote National Pain Centre, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada

  https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8672-2845

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• Samer G. Karam,

  Roles Data curation, Writing – review & editing

  Affiliation Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada

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• Kian Torabiardakani,

  Roles Data curation, Writing – review & editing

  Affiliations Michael G. DeGroote National Pain Centre, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada, Department of Anesthesia, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada

  https://orcid.org/0009-0001-3520-245X

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• Annie Lok,

  Roles Data curation, Writing – review & editing

  Affiliation Department of Anesthesia, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada

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• Shanil Ebrahim,

  Roles Data curation, Methodology, Writing – review & editing

  Affiliation Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada

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• Sheena Bance,

  Roles Validation, Writing – review & editing

  Affiliation Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada

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• Regina Kunz,

  Roles Conceptualization, Methodology, Validation, Writing – review & editing

  Affiliation Division of Clinical Epidemiology, Evidence-based Insurance Medicine, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland

  https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0931-8990

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• Gordon H. Guyatt,

  Roles Conceptualization, Validation, Writing – review & editing

  Affiliation Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada

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• Jason W. Busse

  Roles Conceptualization, Data curation, Formal analysis, Investigation, Methodology, Project administration, Resources, Software, Supervision, Validation, Visualization, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

  * E-mail: bussejw@mcmaster.ca

  Affiliations Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada, Michael G. DeGroote National Pain Centre, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada, Department of Anesthesia, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada, Michael G. DeGroote Institute for Pain Research and Care, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada

  https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0178-8712

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