Visual attention and response time to distinguish athletes from non-athletes: A virtual reality study

Lucia Imperiali; Stefano Borghi; Sara Bizzozero; Elena Prandoni; Ambra Bisio; Antonio La Torre; Roberto Codella

doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0324159

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Open Access

Peer-reviewed

Research Article

Visual attention and response time to distinguish athletes from non-athletes: A virtual reality study

Lucia Imperiali ,

Contributed equally to this work with: Lucia Imperiali, Stefano Borghi

Roles Data curation, Formal analysis, Investigation, Methodology, Validation, Visualization, Writing – original draft

Affiliation IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Galeazzi, Milan, Italy
⨯
Stefano Borghi ,

Contributed equally to this work with: Lucia Imperiali, Stefano Borghi

Roles Conceptualization, Formal analysis, Investigation, Methodology, Validation, Visualization, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Galeazzi, Milan, Italy

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2435-3412

⨯
Sara Bizzozero,

Roles Formal analysis, Investigation, Methodology, Validation, Writing – original draft

Affiliation IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Galeazzi, Milan, Italy
⨯
Elena Prandoni,

Roles Data curation, Investigation, Methodology, Validation, Writing – original draft

Affiliation Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
⨯
Ambra Bisio,

Roles Visualization, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

Affiliations Centro Polifunzionale di Scienze Motorie, Università degli Studi di Genova, Genoa, Italy, Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Human Physiology, Università degli Studi di Genova, Genoa, Italy
⨯
Antonio La Torre,

Roles Project administration, Supervision, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4987-2024

⨯
Roberto Codella

Roles Data curation, Formal analysis, Investigation, Methodology, Project administration, Supervision, Validation, Visualization, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

* E-mail: roberto.codella@unimi.it

Affiliations Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy, Department of Endocrinology, Nutrition and Metabolic Diseases, IRCCS MultiMedica, Milan, Italy

https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1608-1899

⨯

Visual attention and response time to distinguish athletes from non-athletes: A virtual reality study

Lucia Imperiali,
Stefano Borghi,
Sara Bizzozero,
Elena Prandoni,
Ambra Bisio,
Antonio La Torre,
Roberto Codella

Published: May 23, 2025
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0324159

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