The absence of changes in the relative age effect present an opportunity for lower income soccer clubs to be more efficient than Europe’s elite

• Thomas P. Craig,

  Roles Conceptualization, Data curation, Formal analysis, Investigation, Methodology, Project administration, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

  Affiliation School of Pharmacy, Applied Sciences and Public Health, Robert Gordon University, Aberdeen, United Kingdom

  https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4050-8522

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• Kevin Enright ,

  Roles Methodology, Project administration, Writing – review & editing

  * E-mail: k.j.enright@ljmu.ac.uk

  Affiliation Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, United Kingdom

  https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1775-6392

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• Patrick Maughan,

  Roles Conceptualization, Writing – review & editing

  Affiliation School of Pharmacy, Applied Sciences and Public Health, Robert Gordon University, Aberdeen, United Kingdom

  https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8741-6249

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• Will Abbott,

  Roles Conceptualization, Writing – review & editing

  Affiliation Charlton Athletic Football Club, London, United Kingdom

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• Javier Fernandez Navarro

  Roles Formal analysis, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

  Affiliation Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, United Kingdom

  https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5367-1575

  ⨯