Anxiety, depression, and post-traumatic stress and associated risk factors among out-of-school girls in western Kenya

Philip Spinhoven; Susan Nungo; Anna Maria van Eijk; Elizabeth Nyothach; Linda Mason; David Obor; Daniel Kwaro; Penelope A. Phillips-Howard; Garazi Zulaika

doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0323362

Loading metrics

Open Access

Peer-reviewed

Research Article

Anxiety, depression, and post-traumatic stress and associated risk factors among out-of-school girls in western Kenya

Philip Spinhoven,

Roles Conceptualization, Data curation, Formal analysis, Funding acquisition, Writing – original draft

Affiliation Leiden University, Institute of Psychology, Leiden, The Netherlands

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4117-335X

⨯
Susan Nungo,

Roles Data curation, Formal analysis, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom

https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1154-2289

⨯
Anna Maria van Eijk,

Roles Funding acquisition, Methodology, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom

https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1635-1289

⨯
Elizabeth Nyothach,

Roles Conceptualization, Funding acquisition, Investigation, Project administration, Supervision, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Kenya Medical Research Institute, Kisumu, Kenya

https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0904-9081

⨯
Linda Mason,

Roles Funding acquisition, Methodology, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom

https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1568-9261

⨯
David Obor,

Roles Funding acquisition, Investigation, Project administration, Supervision, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Safe Water and AIDS Project, Kisumu, Kenya

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2852-6368

⨯
Daniel Kwaro,

Roles Conceptualization, Funding acquisition, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Kenya Medical Research Institute, Kisumu, Kenya
⨯
Penelope A. Phillips-Howard,

Roles Conceptualization, Funding acquisition, Methodology, Project administration, Supervision, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom

https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1018-116X

⨯
Garazi Zulaika

Roles Conceptualization, Data curation, Formal analysis, Funding acquisition, Investigation, Methodology, Project administration, Supervision, Writing – review & editing

* E-mail: Garazi.Zulaika@lstmed.ac.uk

Affiliation Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom

https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1452-6225

⨯

Anxiety, depression, and post-traumatic stress and associated risk factors among out-of-school girls in western Kenya

Philip Spinhoven,
Susan Nungo,
Anna Maria van Eijk,
Elizabeth Nyothach,
Linda Mason,
David Obor,
Daniel Kwaro,
Penelope A. Phillips-Howard,
Garazi Zulaika

Published: May 14, 2025
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0323362

Reader Comments (0)

Post a new comment on this article

Subject Areas
?

For more information about PLOS Subject Areas, click here.
We want your feedback. Do these Subject Areas make sense for this article? Click the target next to the incorrect Subject Area and let us know. Thanks for your help!

Adolescents
Is the Subject Area "Adolescents" applicable to this article?

Thanks for your feedback.
Mental health and psychiatry
Is the Subject Area "Mental health and psychiatry" applicable to this article?

Thanks for your feedback.
Depression
Is the Subject Area "Depression" applicable to this article?

Thanks for your feedback.
Intimate partner violence
Is the Subject Area "Intimate partner violence" applicable to this article?

Thanks for your feedback.
Suicide
Is the Subject Area "Suicide" applicable to this article?

Thanks for your feedback.
Post-traumatic stress disorder
Is the Subject Area "Post-traumatic stress disorder" applicable to this article?

Thanks for your feedback.
Medical risk factors
Is the Subject Area "Medical risk factors" applicable to this article?

Thanks for your feedback.
Schools
Is the Subject Area "Schools" applicable to this article?

Thanks for your feedback.