Association between primary care physicians’ practice models and referral rates to specialists: A sex-based cross-sectional study

• Bahram Rahman ,

  Roles Conceptualization, Data curation, Formal analysis, Investigation, Methodology, Project administration, Validation, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

  * E-mail: rahmab1@mcmaster.ca (BR)

  Affiliations Physician and Provider Services Division, Ministry of Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada

  https://orcid.org/0009-0000-3463-9492

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• David Kirkwood ,

  Contributed equally to this work with: David Kirkwood, Glenda Babe, Andrew P. Costa

  Roles Data curation, Formal analysis, Software, Visualization, Writing – review & editing

  Affiliation ICES (formerly known as the Institute for Clinical Evaluative Sciences), Toronto, Ontario, Canada

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• Glenda Babe ,

  Contributed equally to this work with: David Kirkwood, Glenda Babe, Andrew P. Costa

  Roles Data curation, Formal analysis, Software, Writing – review & editing

  Affiliation Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada

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• Lauren E. Griffith ,

  Roles Conceptualization, Investigation, Methodology, Supervision, Writing – review & editing

  ¶‡ LEG, DP, RHC, DD, LL-S also contributed equally to this work.

  Affiliation Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada

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• David Price ,

  Roles Conceptualization, Formal analysis, Investigation, Methodology, Supervision, Writing – review & editing

  ¶‡ LEG, DP, RHC, DD, LL-S also contributed equally to this work.

  Affiliations McMaster Family Health Team, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada, SFU School of Medicine, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada

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• Rebecca H. Correia ,

  Roles Investigation, Methodology, Visualization, Writing – review & editing

  ¶‡ LEG, DP, RHC, DD, LL-S also contributed equally to this work.

  Affiliation Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada

  https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2949-2400

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• Darly Dash ,

  Roles Methodology, Validation, Visualization, Writing – review & editing

  ¶‡ LEG, DP, RHC, DD, LL-S also contributed equally to this work.

  Affiliation Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada

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• Lauren Lapointe-Shaw ,

  Roles Conceptualization, Investigation, Methodology, Supervision, Validation, Writing – review & editing

  ¶‡ LEG, DP, RHC, DD, LL-S also contributed equally to this work.

  Affiliations ICES (formerly known as the Institute for Clinical Evaluative Sciences), Toronto, Ontario, Canada, Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, Division of General Internal Medicine and Geriatrics, University Health Network and Sinai Health System, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada

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• Andrew P. Costa

  Contributed equally to this work with: David Kirkwood, Glenda Babe, Andrew P. Costa

  Roles Conceptualization, Formal analysis, Funding acquisition, Investigation, Methodology, Supervision, Validation, Writing – review & editing

  Affiliations Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada, ICES (formerly known as the Institute for Clinical Evaluative Sciences), Toronto, Ontario, Canada, Centre for Health Economics and Policy Analysis, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada, Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada, The Research Institute of St. Joe’s Hamilton, St. Joseph’s Healthcare Hamilton, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada, Centre for Integrated Care, St. Joseph’s Health System, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada

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