Smear layer removal comparing conventional irrigation, passive ultrasonic irrigation, EndoActivator System, and a new sonic device (Perfect Clean System) by scanning electron microscopy: An ex vivo study

• Bruna Fernanda Alionço Gonçalves,

  Roles Conceptualization, Data curation, Funding acquisition, Investigation, Methodology, Resources, Software, Writing – original draft

  Affiliation Department of Endodontics, School of Health and Biosciences, Pontifical Catholic University of Paraná –PUC/PR, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil

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• Divya Reddy,

  Roles Software, Writing – review & editing

  Affiliation Advanced Standing for International Dentist Program—ASPID Program, Health Sciences Center, College of Dentistry, University of Oklahoma, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, United States of America

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• Ricardo Machado ,

  Roles Software, Writing – review & editing

  * E-mail: ricardo-machado@ouhsc.edu

  Affiliation Health Sciences Center, Division of Endodontics, Department of Restorative Sciences, College of Dentistry, University of Oklahoma, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, United States of America

  https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1901-7270

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• Paulo César Soares Júunior,

  Roles Conceptualization, Data curation, Investigation, Methodology

  Affiliation Department of Materials Science, Polytechnical School, Pontifical Catholic University of Paraná –PUC/PR, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil

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• Sérgio Aparecido Ignácio,

  Roles Formal analysis, Software, Writing – review & editing

  Affiliation Department of Biostatistics, School of Health and Biosciences, Pontifical Catholic University of Paraná –PUC/PR, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil

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• Douglas Augusto Fernandes Couto,

  Roles Conceptualization, Data curation, Investigation, Methodology

  Affiliation Department of Endodontics, School of Health and Biosciences, Pontifical Catholic University of Paraná –PUC/PR, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil

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• Karine Santos Frasquetti,

  Roles Data curation, Investigation, Methodology

  Affiliation Department of Endodontics, School of Health and Biosciences, Pontifical Catholic University of Paraná –PUC/PR, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil

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• Vânia Portela Ditzel Westphalen,

  Roles Conceptualization, Investigation, Methodology

  Affiliation Department of Endodontics, School of Health and Biosciences, Pontifical Catholic University of Paraná –PUC/PR, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil

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• Everdan Carneiro,

  Roles Conceptualization, Investigation, Methodology

  Affiliation Department of Endodontics, School of Health and Biosciences, Pontifical Catholic University of Paraná –PUC/PR, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil

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• Ulisses Xavier da Silva Neto

  Roles Conceptualization, Funding acquisition, Investigation, Methodology, Project administration, Resources, Supervision, Writing – review & editing

  Affiliation Department of Endodontics, School of Health and Biosciences, Pontifical Catholic University of Paraná –PUC/PR, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil

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