Believing that difficulty signals importance improves school outcomes by bolstering academic possible identities, a recursive analysis

• Alysia Burbidge,

  Roles Data curation, Formal analysis, Validation, Writing – original draft

  Affiliation Department of Psychology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America

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• Shimin Zhu,

  Roles Conceptualization, Data curation, Funding acquisition, Investigation, Project administration, Resources, Writing – original draft

  Affiliation Department of Applied Social Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China

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• Sing-Hang Cheung,

  Roles Formal analysis, Project administration, Writing – original draft

  Affiliation Department of Psychology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China

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• Daphna Oyserman

  Roles Conceptualization, Visualization, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

  * E-mail: oyserman@usc.edu

  Affiliation Department of Psychology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America

  https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2727-2167

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