Watching subtitled videos with the sound off affects viewers’ comprehension, cognitive load, immersion, enjoyment, and gaze patterns: A mixed-methods eye-tracking study

• Agnieszka Szarkowska ,

  Roles Conceptualization, Data curation, Formal analysis, Funding acquisition, Investigation, Methodology, Project administration, Resources, Software, Supervision, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

  * E-mail: a.szarkowska@uw.edu.pl

  Affiliation Faculty of Applied Linguistics, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland

  https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0048-993X

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• Valentina Ragni,

  Roles Data curation, Formal analysis, Investigation, Methodology, Software, Validation, Visualization

  Affiliation Faculty of Applied Linguistics, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland

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• Sonia Szkriba,

  Roles Conceptualization, Data curation, Investigation, Resources, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

  Affiliation Faculty of Applied Linguistics, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland

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• Sharon Black,

  Roles Data curation, Formal analysis, Investigation, Project administration, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

  Affiliation School of Politics, Philosophy, Language and Communication Studies, University of East Anglia, Norwich, United Kingdom

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• David Orrego-Carmona,

  Roles Conceptualization, Data curation, Investigation, Methodology, Writing – review & editing

  Affiliations School of Modern Languages and Cultures, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom, Department of Linguistics and Language Practice, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa

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• Jan-Louis Kruger

  Roles Conceptualization, Methodology, Project administration, Writing – review & editing

  Affiliations Department of Linguistics, Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia, UPSET Focus Area, North-West University, Vanderbijlpark, South Africa

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