Black surfaces on ancient leather tefillin cases and straps from the Judean Desert: Macroscopic, microscopic and spectroscopic analyses

• Yonatan Adler ,

  Contributed equally to this work with: Yonatan Adler, Ilit Cohen-Ofri, Yonah Maor

  Roles Conceptualization, Data curation, Formal analysis, Funding acquisition, Investigation, Methodology, Project administration, Resources, Supervision, Validation, Visualization, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

  * E-mail: yonatanadler@gmail.com

  Affiliation Institute of Archaeology, Ariel University, Ariel, Israel

  https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7709-5453

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• Ilit Cohen-Ofri ,

  Contributed equally to this work with: Yonatan Adler, Ilit Cohen-Ofri, Yonah Maor

  Roles Data curation, Formal analysis, Investigation, Methodology, Validation, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

  Affiliation Dead Sea Scrolls Conservation Laboratory, Israel Antiquities Authority, Jerusalem, Israel

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• Yonah Maor ,

  Contributed equally to this work with: Yonatan Adler, Ilit Cohen-Ofri, Yonah Maor

  Roles Data curation, Formal analysis, Investigation, Methodology, Validation, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

  Affiliation Analytical Laboratory, Israel Antiquities Authority, Jerusalem, Israel

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• Theresa Emmerich Kamper ,

  Roles Data curation, Formal analysis, Investigation, Writing – original draft

  ¶‡ TEK and IP also contributed equally to this work.

  Affiliation Department of Archaeology, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom

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• Iddo Pinkas

  Roles Data curation, Formal analysis, Investigation, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

  ¶‡ TEK and IP also contributed equally to this work.

  Affiliation Department of Chemical Research Support, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel

  https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7434-9844

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