Innovation and adaptation: The rise of a fentanyl smoking culture in San Francisco

• Daniel Ciccarone ,

  Contributed equally to this work with: Daniel Ciccarone, Nicole Holm

  Roles Conceptualization, Formal analysis, Funding acquisition, Investigation, Methodology, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

  * E-mail: daniel.ciccarone@ucsf.edu

  Affiliation Department of Family and Community Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States of America

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• Nicole Holm ,

  Contributed equally to this work with: Daniel Ciccarone, Nicole Holm

  Roles Formal analysis, Investigation, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

  Affiliation Department of Family and Community Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States of America

  https://orcid.org/0009-0001-2480-3903

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• Jeff Ondocsin,

  Roles Formal analysis, Investigation, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

  Affiliation Department of Family and Community Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States of America

  https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9954-7932

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• Allison Schlosser,

  Roles Formal analysis, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

  Affiliation Sociology and Anthropology Department, University of Nebraska Omaha, Omaha, NE, United States of America

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• Jason Fessel,

  Roles Formal analysis, Investigation, Writing – review & editing

  Affiliation Department of Family and Community Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States of America

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• Amanda Cowan,

  Roles Formal analysis, Investigation, Writing – review & editing

  Affiliation Community Health Project Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America

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• Sarah G. Mars

  Roles Conceptualization, Formal analysis, Funding acquisition, Methodology, Project administration, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

  Affiliation Department of Family and Community Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States of America

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