ET-Network: A novel efficient transformer deep learning model for automated Urdu handwritten text recognition

• Ameer Hamza,

  Roles Conceptualization, Data curation, Methodology, Resources, Software, Validation, Visualization, Writing – original draft

  Affiliation Computer Science and Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, China

  https://orcid.org/0009-0006-3896-5221

  ⨯
• Shengbing Ren ,

  Roles Conceptualization, Investigation, Project administration, Supervision, Writing – review & editing

  * E-mail: rsb@csu.edu.cn

  Affiliation Computer Science and Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, China

  https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7709-4234

  ⨯
• Usman Saeed

  Roles Conceptualization, Data curation, Formal analysis, Methodology, Software, Supervision, Validation

  Affiliation Computer Science and Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, China

  https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3916-7097

  ⨯