Advancing crop classification in smallholder agriculture: A multifaceted approach combining frequency-domain image co-registration, transformer-based parcel segmentation, and Bi-LSTM for crop classification

• Waleed Khan ,

  Contributed equally to this work with: Waleed Khan, Nasru Minallah, Madiha Sher, Mahmood Ali khan, Atiq ur Rehman, Tareq Al-Ansari, Amine Bermak

  Roles Conceptualization, Data curation, Formal analysis, Investigation, Methodology, Resources, Software, Validation, Visualization, Writing – original draft

  Affiliations National Center for Big Data and Cloud Computing, University of Engineering and Technology, Peshawar, Pakistan, Department of Computer Systems Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology, Peshawar, Pakistan

  https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8829-7050

  ⨯
• Nasru Minallah ,

  Contributed equally to this work with: Waleed Khan, Nasru Minallah, Madiha Sher, Mahmood Ali khan, Atiq ur Rehman, Tareq Al-Ansari, Amine Bermak

  Roles Conceptualization, Data curation, Formal analysis, Software, Supervision, Validation, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

  Affiliations National Center for Big Data and Cloud Computing, University of Engineering and Technology, Peshawar, Pakistan, Department of Computer Systems Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology, Peshawar, Pakistan

  ⨯
• Madiha Sher ,

  Contributed equally to this work with: Waleed Khan, Nasru Minallah, Madiha Sher, Mahmood Ali khan, Atiq ur Rehman, Tareq Al-Ansari, Amine Bermak

  Roles Data curation, Investigation, Methodology, Software, Writing – original draft

  Affiliations National Center for Big Data and Cloud Computing, University of Engineering and Technology, Peshawar, Pakistan, Department of Computer Systems Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology, Peshawar, Pakistan

  ⨯
• Mahmood Ali khan ,

  Contributed equally to this work with: Waleed Khan, Nasru Minallah, Madiha Sher, Mahmood Ali khan, Atiq ur Rehman, Tareq Al-Ansari, Amine Bermak

  Roles Data curation, Methodology, Software, Validation, Visualization, Writing – review & editing

  Affiliation National Center for Big Data and Cloud Computing, University of Engineering and Technology, Peshawar, Pakistan

  ⨯
• Atiq ur Rehman ,

  Contributed equally to this work with: Waleed Khan, Nasru Minallah, Madiha Sher, Mahmood Ali khan, Atiq ur Rehman, Tareq Al-Ansari, Amine Bermak

  Roles Conceptualization, Data curation, Formal analysis, Funding acquisition, Investigation, Supervision, Visualization, Writing – review & editing

  * E-mail: atirehman@hbku.edu.qa

  Affiliation Division of Information and Computing Technology, College of Science and Engineering, Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Doha, Qatar

  https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0248-7919

  ⨯
• Tareq Al-Ansari ,

  Contributed equally to this work with: Waleed Khan, Nasru Minallah, Madiha Sher, Mahmood Ali khan, Atiq ur Rehman, Tareq Al-Ansari, Amine Bermak

  Roles Conceptualization, Investigation, Resources, Validation, Writing – review & editing

  Affiliation Division of Sustainable Development, College of Science and Engineering, Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Doha, Qatar

  ⨯
• Amine Bermak

  Contributed equally to this work with: Waleed Khan, Nasru Minallah, Madiha Sher, Mahmood Ali khan, Atiq ur Rehman, Tareq Al-Ansari, Amine Bermak

  Roles Conceptualization, Formal analysis, Investigation, Methodology, Software, Writing – review & editing

  Affiliation Division of Information and Computing Technology, College of Science and Engineering, Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Doha, Qatar

  ⨯