Individuals reciprocate negative actions revealing negative upstream reciprocity

• Ryohei Umetani ,

  Roles Funding acquisition, Investigation, Project administration, Writing – original draft

  * E-mail: umetani.ryohei.sd@alumni.tsukuba.ac.jp

  Affiliation Graduate School of Science and Technology, Degree Programs in Systems and Information Engineering, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan

  https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6262-4060

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• Hitoshi Yamamoto,

  Roles Funding acquisition, Project administration, Supervision, Writing – review & editing

  Affiliation Faculty of Business Administration, Rissho University, Tokyo, Japan

  https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7966-2629

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• Akira Goto,

  Roles Funding acquisition, Investigation, Software

  Affiliation Meiji University School of Information and Communication, Tokyo, Japan

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• Isamu Okada,

  Roles Funding acquisition, Writing – review & editing

  Affiliation Faculty of Business Administration, Soka University, Tokyo, Japan

  https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9943-2668

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• Eizo Akiyama

  Roles Funding acquisition, Supervision, Writing – review & editing

  Affiliation Faculty of Engineering, Information and Systems, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan

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