Value-added scores show limited stability over time in primary school

• Valentin Emslander ,

  Roles Conceptualization, Formal analysis, Project administration, Visualization, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

  * E-mail: valentin.emslander@uni.lu

  Affiliation Luxembourg Centre for Educational Testing (LUCET) at the University of Luxembourg, Faculty of Humanities, Education and Social Sciences, University of Luxembourg, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg

  https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3690-5883

  ⨯
• Jessica Levy,

  Roles Conceptualization, Formal analysis, Funding acquisition, Software, Visualization, Writing – review & editing

  Affiliation Luxembourg Centre for Educational Testing (LUCET) at the University of Luxembourg, Faculty of Humanities, Education and Social Sciences, University of Luxembourg, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg

  ⨯
• Ronny Scherer,

  Roles Supervision, Writing – review & editing

  Affiliation Centre for Educational Measurement at the University of Oslo (CEMO), Faculty of Educational Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway

  https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3630-0710

  ⨯
• Antoine Fischbach

  Roles Conceptualization, Funding acquisition, Resources, Supervision, Writing – review & editing

  Affiliation Luxembourg Centre for Educational Testing (LUCET) at the University of Luxembourg, Faculty of Humanities, Education and Social Sciences, University of Luxembourg, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg

  ⨯