The effectiveness of problem based learning in improving critical thinking, problem-solving and self-directed learning in first-year medical students: A meta-analysis

• Ida Bagus Amertha Putra Manuaba ,

  Roles Conceptualization, Data curation, Formal analysis, Investigation, Methodology, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

  ¶‡ IBAPM are sole first author to this work.

  Affiliations College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan, Medical and Health Education Development, Faculty of Medicine, Udayana University, Bali, Indonesia

  https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6647-9497

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• Yi -No,

  Roles Conceptualization, Formal analysis, Methodology, Supervision, Validation, Writing – review & editing

  Affiliation Department of Education and Humanities in Medicine, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan

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• Chien-Chih Wu

  Roles Conceptualization, Methodology, Supervision, Validation, Writing – review & editing

  * E-mail: Ccwu@tmu.edu.tw

  Affiliations Department of Education and Humanities in Medicine, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan, Department of Urology, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan

  https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5238-3854

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