Perpendicular probing and screwing technique: A simple method for accurate pedicle screw placement based on the human internal reference frame for angle estimation

• Go Kato ,

  Roles Conceptualization, Data curation, Formal analysis, Funding acquisition, Investigation, Methodology, Project administration, Resources, Supervision, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

  * E-mail: gkato23@yahoo.co.jp

  Affiliations Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Japanese Red Cross Fukuoka Hospital, Fukuoka, Japan, Department of Spine Surgery, Saga Medical Center, Koseikan, Saga, Japan

  https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3098-9759

  ⨯
• Satoshi Baba,

  Roles Data curation, Investigation, Methodology

  Affiliation Department of Spine Surgery, Saga Medical Center, Koseikan, Saga, Japan

  ⨯
• Kenichi Kawaguchi,

  Roles Formal analysis, Investigation

  Affiliation Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Kyushu University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Fukuoka, Japan

  ⨯
• Takeshi Watanabe,

  Roles Investigation, Resources

  Affiliation Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Watanabe Orthopedic Hospital, Fukuoka, Japan

  ⨯
• Takao Mae,

  Roles Investigation, Project administration, Resources

  Affiliation Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Saga Medical Center, Koseikan, Saga, Japan

  ⨯
• Shinji Tomari

  Roles Investigation, Resources

  Affiliation Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Japanese Red Cross Fukuoka Hospital, Fukuoka, Japan

  ⨯