The Internal–External Locus of Control Short Scale–4 (IE-4): A comprehensive validation of the English-language adaptation

• Désirée Nießen ,

  Roles Conceptualization, Data curation, Formal analysis, Investigation, Methodology, Supervision, Visualization, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

  * E-mail: desiree.niessen@gesis.org

  Affiliation GESIS–Leibniz Institute for the Social Sciences, Mannheim, Germany

  https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8652-5603

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• Isabelle Schmidt,

  Roles Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

  Affiliation GESIS–Leibniz Institute for the Social Sciences, Mannheim, Germany

  https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7631-5303

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• Katharina Groskurth,

  Roles Formal analysis, Investigation, Methodology, Writing – review & editing

  Affiliation GESIS–Leibniz Institute for the Social Sciences, Mannheim, Germany

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• Beatrice Rammstedt,

  Roles Writing – review & editing

  Affiliation GESIS–Leibniz Institute for the Social Sciences, Mannheim, Germany

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• Clemens M. Lechner

  Roles Methodology, Supervision, Writing – review & editing

  Affiliation GESIS–Leibniz Institute for the Social Sciences, Mannheim, Germany

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