A national study of moral distress among U.S. internal medicine physicians during the COVID-19 pandemic

• Jeffrey Sonis ,

  Roles Conceptualization, Data curation, Formal analysis, Funding acquisition, Investigation, Methodology, Project administration, Software, Supervision, Validation, Visualization, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

  * E-mail: jsonis@med.unc.edu

  Affiliations Department of Social Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America, Department of Family Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America

  https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6004-780X

  ⨯
• Donald E. Pathman,

  Roles Methodology, Visualization, Writing – review & editing

  Affiliations Department of Family Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America, Cecil G. Sheps Center for Health Services Research, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America

  https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6708-3707

  ⨯
• Susan Read,

  Roles Investigation, Methodology, Resources, Writing – review & editing

  Affiliation Research Center, American College of Physicians, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America

  ⨯
• Bradley N. Gaynes

  Roles Methodology, Writing – review & editing

  Affiliations Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America, Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America

  ⨯