Politicization of COVID-19 health-protective behaviors in the United States: Longitudinal and cross-national evidence

• Wolfgang Stroebe,

  Roles Conceptualization, Investigation, Methodology, Project administration, Supervision, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

  Affiliation Department of Psychology, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands

  ⨯
• Michelle R. vanDellen ,

  Roles Conceptualization, Formal analysis, Methodology, Project administration, Visualization, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

  * E-mail: mvd@uga.edu

  Affiliation Department of Psychology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America

  https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3457-194X

  ⨯
• Georgios Abakoumkin,

  Roles Conceptualization, Formal analysis, Visualization, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

  Affiliation Laboratory of Psychology, Department of Early Childhood Education, University of Thessaly, Volos, Greece

  https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1671-3561

  ⨯
• Edward P. Lemay Jr.,

  Roles Conceptualization, Project administration, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

  Affiliation Department of Psychology, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, United States of America

  ⨯
• William M. Schiavone,

  Roles Conceptualization, Resources, Writing – review & editing

  Affiliation Department of Psychology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America

  ⨯
• Maximilian Agostini ,

  Contributed equally to this work with: Maximilian Agostini, Jocelyn J. Bélanger, Ben Gützkow, Jannis Kreienkamp, Anne Margit Reitsema, N. Pontus Leander

  Roles Conceptualization, Investigation, Methodology, Project administration, Resources, Writing – review & editing

  Affiliation Department of Psychology, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands

  https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6435-7621

  ⨯
• Jocelyn J. Bélanger ,

  Contributed equally to this work with: Maximilian Agostini, Jocelyn J. Bélanger, Ben Gützkow, Jannis Kreienkamp, Anne Margit Reitsema, N. Pontus Leander

  Roles Conceptualization, Funding acquisition, Methodology, Project administration, Supervision, Writing – review & editing

  Affiliation Department of Psychology, New York University Abu Dhabi, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates

  ⨯
• Ben Gützkow ,

  Contributed equally to this work with: Maximilian Agostini, Jocelyn J. Bélanger, Ben Gützkow, Jannis Kreienkamp, Anne Margit Reitsema, N. Pontus Leander

  Roles Conceptualization, Methodology, Project administration, Writing – review & editing

  Affiliation Department of Psychology, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands

  ⨯
• Jannis Kreienkamp ,

  Contributed equally to this work with: Maximilian Agostini, Jocelyn J. Bélanger, Ben Gützkow, Jannis Kreienkamp, Anne Margit Reitsema, N. Pontus Leander

  Roles Conceptualization, Methodology, Project administration, Writing – review & editing

  Affiliation Department of Psychology, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands

  https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1831-5604

  ⨯
• Anne Margit Reitsema ,

  Contributed equally to this work with: Maximilian Agostini, Jocelyn J. Bélanger, Ben Gützkow, Jannis Kreienkamp, Anne Margit Reitsema, N. Pontus Leander

  Roles Conceptualization, Methodology, Project administration, Writing – review & editing

  Affiliation Department of Psychology, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands

  ⨯
• Jamilah Hanum Abdul Khaiyom ,

  Roles Methodology

  ¶‡ These authors also contributed equally to this work.

  Affiliation Department of Psychology, International Islamic University Malaysia, Selangor, Malaysia

  ⨯
• Vjolica Ahmedi ,

  Roles Methodology, Project administration

  ¶‡ These authors also contributed equally to this work.

  Affiliation Faculty of Education, Pristine University, Pristina, Kosovo

  ⨯
• Handan Akkas ,

  Roles Methodology, Project administration

  ¶‡ These authors also contributed equally to this work.

  Affiliation Organizational Behavior, Ankara Science University, Ankara, Turkey

  ⨯
• Carlos A. Almenara ,

  Roles Methodology, Project administration

  ¶‡ These authors also contributed equally to this work.

  Affiliation Faculty of Health Science, Universidad Peruana de Ciencias Aplicadas, Lima, Peru

  ⨯
• Mohsin Atta ,

  Roles Methodology, Project administration

  ¶‡ These authors also contributed equally to this work.

  Affiliation Department of Psychology, University of Sargodha, Sargodha, Pakistan

  ⨯
• Sabahat Cigdem Bagci ,

  Roles Methodology, Project administration

  ¶‡ These authors also contributed equally to this work.

  Affiliation Department of Psychology, Sabanci University, Tuzla, Turkey

  ⨯
• Sima Basel ,

  Roles Methodology, Project administration, Writing – review & editing

  ¶‡ These authors also contributed equally to this work.

  Affiliation Department of Psychology, New York University Abu Dhabi, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates

  ⨯
• Edona Berisha Kida ,

  Roles Methodology, Project administration

  ¶‡ These authors also contributed equally to this work.

  Affiliation Faculty of Education, Pristine University, Pristina, Kosovo

  ⨯
• Allan B. I. Bernardo ,

  Roles Data curation, Methodology, Writing – review & editing

  ¶‡ These authors also contributed equally to this work.

  Affiliation Department of Psychology, De La Salle University, Manila, Philippines

  ⨯
• Nicholas R. Buttrick ,

  Roles Data curation, Project administration

  ¶‡ These authors also contributed equally to this work.

  Affiliation Department of Psychology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States of America

  ⨯
• Phatthanakit Chobthamkit ,

  Roles Methodology, Project administration

  ¶‡ These authors also contributed equally to this work.

  Affiliation Department of Psychology, Thammasat University, Bangkok, Thailand

  ⨯
• Hoon-Seok Choi ,

  Roles Methodology, Project administration

  ¶‡ These authors also contributed equally to this work.

  Affiliation Department of Psychology, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul, South Korea

  ⨯
• Mioara Cristea ,

  Roles Methodology, Project administration

  ¶‡ These authors also contributed equally to this work.

  Affiliation Department of Psychology, Heriot Watt University, Edinburgh, Scotland

  ⨯
• Sára Csaba ,

  Roles Methodology, Project administration

  ¶‡ These authors also contributed equally to this work.

  Affiliation Department of Psychology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary

  ⨯
• Kaja Damnjanović ,

  Roles Methodology, Project administration

  ¶‡ These authors also contributed equally to this work.

  Affiliation Department of Psychology, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia

  ⨯
• Ivan Danyliuk ,

  Roles Methodology, Project administration

  ¶‡ These authors also contributed equally to this work.

  Affiliation Department of Psychology, Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, Kyiv, Ukraine

  https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6522-5994

  ⨯
• Arobindu Dash ,

  Roles Methodology, Project administration

  ¶‡ These authors also contributed equally to this work.

  Affiliation Department of Social Sciences, International University of Business Agriculture and Technology, Dhaka, Bangladesh

  https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4642-512X

  ⨯
• Daniela Di Santo ,

  Roles Methodology, Project administration

  ¶‡ These authors also contributed equally to this work.

  Affiliation Department of Social and Developmental Psychology, University "La Sapienza", Rome, Italy

  ⨯
• Karen M. Douglas ,

  Roles Methodology, Project administration, Writing – review & editing

  ¶‡ These authors also contributed equally to this work.

  Affiliation School of Psychology, University of Kent, Kent, United Kingdom

  ⨯
• Violeta Enea ,

  Roles Methodology, Project administration

  ¶‡ These authors also contributed equally to this work.

  Affiliation Department of Psychology, Alexandru Ioan Cuza University, Iași, Romania

  https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3789-2017

  ⨯
• Daiane Gracieli Faller ,

  Roles Methodology, Project administration

  ¶‡ These authors also contributed equally to this work.

  Affiliation Department of Psychology, New York University Abu Dhabi, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates

  ⨯
• Gavan Fitzsimons ,

  Roles Methodology, Project administration

  ¶‡ These authors also contributed equally to this work.

  Affiliation Departments of Marketing and Psychology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America

  ⨯
• Alexandra Gheorghiu,

  Roles Methodology, Project administration

  Affiliation Department of Psychology, Alexandru Ioan Cuza University, Iași, Romania

  ⨯
• Ángel Gómez ,

  Roles Methodology, Project administration

  ¶‡ These authors also contributed equally to this work.

  Affiliation Center for European Studies, Faculty of Law, Universidad Nacional de Educacion a Distancia, Madrid, Spain

  ⨯
• Ali Hamaidia ,

  Roles Data curation, Methodology, Writing – review & editing

  ¶‡ These authors also contributed equally to this work.

  Affiliation Department of Psychology and Human Resources Development, Setif 2 University, Setif, Algeria

  ⨯
• Qing Han ,

  Roles Methodology, Project administration

  ¶‡ These authors also contributed equally to this work.

  Affiliation The School of Psychological Science, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom

  ⨯
• Mai Helmy ,

  Roles Methodology, Project administration

  ¶‡ These authors also contributed equally to this work.

  Affiliation Department of Psychology, Menoufia University, Al Minufiyah, Egypt

  ⨯
• Joevarian Hudiyana ,

  Roles Methodology, Project administration

  ¶‡ These authors also contributed equally to this work.

  Affiliation Department of Psychology, Universitas Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia

  https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5507-0573

  ⨯
• Bertus F. Jeronimus ,

  Roles Conceptualization, Methodology, Project administration, Writing – review & editing

  ¶‡ These authors also contributed equally to this work.

  Affiliation Department of Psychology, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands

  ⨯
• Ding-Yu Jiang ,

  Roles Methodology, Project administration

  ¶‡ These authors also contributed equally to this work.

  Affiliation Department of Psychology, National Chung-Cheng University, Minxiong, Taiwan

  ⨯
• Veljko Jovanović ,

  Roles Methodology, Project administration

  ¶‡ These authors also contributed equally to this work.

  Affiliation Department of Psychology, University of Novi Sad, Novi Sad, Serbia

  ⨯
• Željka Kamenov ,

  Roles Methodology, Project administration

  ¶‡ These authors also contributed equally to this work.

  Affiliation Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia

  ⨯
• Anna Kende ,

  Roles Methodology, Project administration

  ¶‡ These authors also contributed equally to this work.

  Affiliation Department of Psychology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary

  ⨯
• Shian-Ling Keng ,

  Roles Methodology, Project administration, Writing – review & editing

  ¶‡ These authors also contributed equally to this work.

  Affiliation Division of Social Science, Yale-NUS College, Singapore, Singapore

  ⨯
• Tra Thi Thanh Kieu ,

  Roles Methodology, Project administration

  ¶‡ These authors also contributed equally to this work.

  Affiliation Department of Psychology, HCMC University of Education, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam

  https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6269-7796

  ⨯
• Yasin Koc ,

  Roles Methodology, Project administration

  ¶‡ These authors also contributed equally to this work.

  Affiliation Department of Psychology, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands

  ⨯
• Kamila Kovyazina ,

  Roles Methodology, Project administration

  ¶‡ These authors also contributed equally to this work.

  Affiliation Independent Researcher, Kazakhstan

  ⨯
• Inna Kozytska ,

  Roles Methodology, Project administration

  ¶‡ These authors also contributed equally to this work.

  Affiliation Department of Psychology, University of Sargodha, Sargodha, Pakistan

  ⨯
• Joshua Krause ,

  Roles Methodology, Project administration

  ¶‡ These authors also contributed equally to this work.

  Affiliation Department of Psychology, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands

  ⨯
• Arie W. Kruglanksi ,

  Roles Conceptualization, Methodology, Supervision

  ¶‡ These authors also contributed equally to this work.

  Affiliation Department of Psychology, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, United States of America

  ⨯
• Anton Kurapov ,

  Roles Methodology, Project administration

  ¶‡ These authors also contributed equally to this work.

  Affiliation Department of Psychology, Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, Kyiv, Ukraine

  ⨯
• Maja Kutlaca ,

  Roles Conceptualization, Methodology, Project administration, Writing – review & editing

  ¶‡ These authors also contributed equally to this work.

  Affiliation Department of Psychology, Durham University, Durham, United Kingdom

  ⨯
• Nóra Anna Lantos ,

  Roles Methodology, Project administration

  ¶‡ These authors also contributed equally to this work.

  Affiliation Department of Psychology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary

  ⨯
• Cokorda Bagus Jaya Lemsmana ,

  Roles Methodology, Project administration

  ¶‡ These authors also contributed equally to this work.

  Affiliation Department of Psychiatry, Udayana University, Bali, Indonesia

  ⨯
• Winnifred R. Louis ,

  Roles Methodology, Project administration, Writing – review & editing

  ¶‡ These authors also contributed equally to this work.

  Affiliation School of Psychology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia

  ⨯
• Adrian Lueders ,

  Roles Methodology, Project administration

  ¶‡ These authors also contributed equally to this work.

  Affiliation Laboratoire de Psychologie Sociale et Cognitive, Université Clermont-Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand, France

  ⨯
• Najma Iqbal Malik ,

  Roles Methodology, Project administration

  ¶‡ These authors also contributed equally to this work.

  Affiliation Department of Psychology, University of Sargodha, Sargodha, Pakistan

  ⨯
• Anton Martinez ,

  Roles Methodology, Project administration

  ¶‡ These authors also contributed equally to this work.

  Affiliation Department of Psychology, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom

  ⨯
• Kira O. McCabe ,

  Roles Methodology, Project administration, Resources, Writing – review & editing

  ¶‡ These authors also contributed equally to this work.

  Affiliation Department of Psychology, Carleton University, Ottawa, Canada

  ⨯
• Jasmina Mehulić ,

  Roles Methodology, Project administration

  ¶‡ These authors also contributed equally to this work.

  Affiliation Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia

  ⨯
• Mirra Noor Milla ,

  Roles Methodology, Project administration

  ¶‡ These authors also contributed equally to this work.

  Affiliation Department of Psychology, Universitas Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia

  https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5195-2296

  ⨯
• Idris Mohammed ,

  Roles Methodology, Project administration

  ¶‡ These authors also contributed equally to this work.

  Affiliation Mass Communication, Usmanu Danfodiyo University Sokoto, Sokoto, Nigeria

  ⨯
• Erica Molinario ,

  Roles Methodology, Project administration

  ¶‡ These authors also contributed equally to this work.

  Affiliation Department of Psychology, Florida Gulf Coast University, Fort Myers, Florida, United States of America

  ⨯
• Manuel Moyano ,

  Roles Funding acquisition, Methodology, Project administration, Writing – review & editing

  ¶‡ These authors also contributed equally to this work.

  Affiliation Department of Psychology, University of Cordoba, Andalusia, Spain

  https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6745-0936

  ⨯
• Hayat Muhammad ,

  Roles Methodology, Project administration

  ¶‡ These authors also contributed equally to this work.

  Affiliation Department of Psychology, University of Peshawar, Peshawar, Pakistan

  https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8511-6322

  ⨯
• Silvana Mula ,

  Roles Methodology, Project administration

  ¶‡ These authors also contributed equally to this work.

  Affiliation Department of Social and Developmental Psychology, University "La Sapienza", Rome, Italy

  ⨯
• Hamdi Muluk ,

  Roles Methodology, Project administration

  ¶‡ These authors also contributed equally to this work.

  Affiliation Department of Psychology, Universitas Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia

  ⨯
• Solomiia Myroniuk ,

  Roles Methodology, Project administration, Resources, Writing – review & editing

  ¶‡ These authors also contributed equally to this work.

  Affiliation Department of Psychology, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands

  ⨯
• Reza Najafi ,

  Roles Methodology, Project administration

  ¶‡ These authors also contributed equally to this work.

  Affiliation Department of Psychology, Islamic Azad University, Rasht, Iran

  ⨯
• Claudia F. Nisa ,

  Roles Methodology, Project administration, Writing – review & editing

  ¶‡ These authors also contributed equally to this work.

  Affiliation Department of Psychology, New York University Abu Dhabi, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates

  ⨯
• Boglárka Nyúl ,

  Roles Methodology, Project administration

  ¶‡ These authors also contributed equally to this work.

  Affiliation Department of Psychology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary

  ⨯
• Paul A. O’Keefe ,

  Roles Methodology, Project administration

  ¶‡ These authors also contributed equally to this work.

  Affiliation Division of Social Science, Yale-NUS College, Singapore, Singapore

  ⨯
• Jose Javier Olivas Osuna ,

  Roles Methodology, Project administration

  ¶‡ These authors also contributed equally to this work.

  Affiliation Department of Political Science and Administration, National Distance Education University (UNED), Madrid, Spain

  https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9877-8480

  ⨯
• Evgeny N. Osin ,

  Roles Methodology, Project administration

  ¶‡ These authors also contributed equally to this work.

  Affiliation Department of Psychology, HSE University, Moscow, Russia

  ⨯
• Joonha Park ,

  Roles Methodology, Project administration

  ¶‡ These authors also contributed equally to this work.

  Affiliation Graduate School of Management, NUCB Business School, Nagoya, Japan

  ⨯
• Gennaro Pica ,

  Roles Methodology, Project administration

  ¶‡ These authors also contributed equally to this work.

  Affiliation School of Law, University of Camerino, Camerino, Italy

  https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3739-7462

  ⨯
• Antonio Pierro ,

  Roles Methodology, Project administration

  ¶‡ These authors also contributed equally to this work.

  Affiliation Department of Social and Developmental Psychology, University "La Sapienza", Rome, Italy

  ⨯
• Jonas Rees ,

  Roles Methodology, Project administration

  ¶‡ These authors also contributed equally to this work.

  Affiliation Research Institute Social Cohesion, Institute for Interdisciplinary Research on Conflict and Violence, and Department of Social Psychology Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany

  ⨯
• Elena Resta ,

  Roles Methodology, Project administration

  ¶‡ These authors also contributed equally to this work.

  Affiliation Department of Social and Developmental Psychology, University "La Sapienza", Rome, Italy

  ⨯
• Marika Rullo ,

  Roles Methodology, Project administration

  ¶‡ These authors also contributed equally to this work.

  Affiliation Department of Educational, Humanities and Intercultural Communication, University of Siena, Siena, Italy

  ⨯
• Michelle K. Ryan ,

  Roles Methodology, Project administration

  ¶‡ These authors also contributed equally to this work.

  Affiliations Department of Psychology, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom, Department of Psychology, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands

  ⨯
• Adil Samekin ,

  Roles Methodology, Project administration

  ¶‡ These authors also contributed equally to this work.

  Affiliation School of Liberal Arts, M. Narikbayec KAZGUU University, Nur-Sultan, Kazakhstan

  ⨯
• Pekka Santtila ,

  Roles Methodology, Project administration

  ¶‡ These authors also contributed equally to this work.

  Affiliation Department of Psychology, New York University Shanghai, Shanghai, China

  ⨯
• Edyta Sasin ,

  Roles Methodology, Project administration

  ¶‡ These authors also contributed equally to this work.

  Affiliation Department of Psychology, New York University Abu Dhabi, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates

  ⨯
• Birga M. Schumpe ,

  Roles Methodology, Project administration

  ¶‡ These authors also contributed equally to this work.

  Affiliation Faculty of Social and Behavioural Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands

  ⨯
• Heyla A. Selim ,

  Roles Methodology, Project administration

  ¶‡ These authors also contributed equally to this work.

  Affiliation Department of Psychology, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia

  ⨯
• Michael Vicente Stanton ,

  Roles Methodology, Project administration

  ¶‡ These authors also contributed equally to this work.

  Affiliation Department of Public Health, California State University East Bay, Hayward, California, United States of America

  https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8142-6569

  ⨯
• Samiah Sultana ,

  Roles Methodology, Project administration, Resources, Supervision, Writing – review & editing

  ¶‡ These authors also contributed equally to this work.

  Affiliation Department of Psychology, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands

  ⨯
• Robbie M. Sutton ,

  Roles Methodology, Project administration, Writing – review & editing

  ¶‡ These authors also contributed equally to this work.

  Affiliation School of Psychology, University of Kent, Kent, United Kingdom

  ⨯
• Eleftheria Tseliou ,

  Roles Methodology, Project administration

  ¶‡ These authors also contributed equally to this work.

  Affiliation Laboratory of Psychology, Department of Early Childhood Education, University of Thessaly, Volos, Greece

  https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9114-731X

  ⨯
• Akira Utsugi ,

  Roles Methodology, Project administration

  ¶‡ These authors also contributed equally to this work.

  Affiliation Department of Psychology, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan

  ⨯
• Jolien Anne van Breen,

  Roles Conceptualization, Methodology, Project administration

  Affiliation Institute of Governance and Global Affairs, Leiden University, Leiden, Netherlands

  ⨯
• Caspar J. Van Lissa ,

  Roles Conceptualization, Methodology, Project administration, Resources

  ¶‡ These authors also contributed equally to this work.

  Affiliation Department of Methodology & Statistics, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands

  ⨯
• Kees Van Veen ,

  Roles Methodology, Project administration

  ¶‡ These authors also contributed equally to this work.

  Affiliation Department of Psychology, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands

  ⨯
• Alexandra Vázquez ,

  Roles Methodology, Project administration

  ¶‡ These authors also contributed equally to this work.

  Affiliation Center for European Studies, Faculty of Law, Universidad Nacional de Educacion a Distancia, Madrid, Spain

  ⨯
• Robin Wollast ,

  Roles Methodology, Project administration

  ¶‡ These authors also contributed equally to this work.

  Affiliation Laboratoire de Psychologie Sociale et Cognitive, Université Clermont-Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand, France

  ⨯
• Victoria Wai-Lan Yeung ,

  Roles Methodology, Project administration

  ¶‡ These authors also contributed equally to this work.

  Affiliation Department of Psychology, Lingnan University, Hong Kong, China

  ⨯
• Somayeh Zand ,

  Roles Methodology, Project administration

  ¶‡ These authors also contributed equally to this work.

  Affiliation Department of Psychology, Islamic Azad University, Rasht, Iran

  ⨯
• Iris Lav Žeželj ,

  Roles Methodology, Project administration

  ¶‡ These authors also contributed equally to this work.

  Affiliation Department of Psychology, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia

  ⨯
• Bang Zheng ,

  Roles Methodology, Project administration

  ¶‡ These authors also contributed equally to this work.

  Affiliation Ageing Epidemiology Research Unit, School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom

  ⨯
• Andreas Zick ,

  Roles Methodology, Project administration

  ¶‡ These authors also contributed equally to this work.

  Affiliation Research Institute Social Cohesion, Institute for Interdisciplinary Research on Conflict and Violence, and Department of Social Psychology Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany

  ⨯
• Claudia Zúñiga ,

  Roles Methodology, Project administration, Writing – review & editing

  ¶‡ These authors also contributed equally to this work.

  Affiliation Department of Psychology, Universidad de Chile, Santiago de Chile, Chile

  ⨯
•  [ ... ],
• N. Pontus Leander

  Contributed equally to this work with: Maximilian Agostini, Jocelyn J. Bélanger, Ben Gützkow, Jannis Kreienkamp, Anne Margit Reitsema, N. Pontus Leander

  Roles Conceptualization, Data curation, Funding acquisition, Investigation, Methodology, Project administration, Resources, Supervision, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

  Affiliation Department of Psychology, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands

  https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3073-5038

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