Excess mortality due to Covid-19? A comparison of total mortality in 2020 with total mortality in 2016 to 2019 in Germany, Sweden and Spain

• Bernd Kowall ,

  Roles Conceptualization, Formal analysis, Methodology, Writing – original draft

  * E-mail: bernd.kowall@uk-essen.de

  Affiliation Institute for Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany

  https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4163-1696

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• Fabian Standl,

  Roles Conceptualization, Data curation

  Affiliation Institute for Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany

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• Florian Oesterling,

  Roles Conceptualization, Data curation, Methodology

  Affiliation Cancer Registry of North Rhine-Westphalia, Bochum, Germany

  https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5840-8274

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• Bastian Brune,

  Roles Conceptualization, Validation

  Affiliations Medical Emergency Service of the City of Essen, Essen, Germany, Department for Trauma, Hand and Reconstructive Surgery, University Hospital of Essen, Essen, Germany

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• Marcus Brinkmann,

  Roles Conceptualization, Validation

  Affiliation Center for Clinical Trials, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany

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• Marcel Dudda,

  Roles Conceptualization, Validation

  Affiliations Medical Emergency Service of the City of Essen, Essen, Germany, Department for Trauma, Hand and Reconstructive Surgery, University Hospital of Essen, Essen, Germany

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• Peter Pflaumer,

  Roles Conceptualization, Methodology, Validation

  Affiliation Faculty of Statistics, Technical University of Dortmund, Dortmund, Germany

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• Karl-Heinz Jöckel,

  Roles Conceptualization, Methodology, Writing – review & editing

  Affiliation Institute for Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany

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• Andreas Stang

  Roles Conceptualization, Methodology, Writing – review & editing

  Affiliations Institute for Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany, Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America

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