How does spectator presence affect football? Home advantage remains in European top-class football matches played without spectators during the COVID-19 pandemic

• Fabian Wunderlich ,

  Roles Conceptualization, Data curation, Formal analysis, Methodology, Writing – original draft

  * E-mail: f.wunderlich@dshs-koeln.de

  Affiliation German Sports University Cologne, Cologne, Germany

  https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7445-6858

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• Matthias Weigelt,

  Roles Conceptualization, Supervision, Validation, Writing – review & editing

  Affiliation University of Paderborn, Paderborn, Germany

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• Robert Rein,

  Roles Conceptualization, Formal analysis, Validation, Writing – review & editing

  Affiliation German Sports University Cologne, Cologne, Germany

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• Daniel Memmert

  Roles Conceptualization, Project administration, Supervision, Validation, Writing – review & editing

  Affiliation German Sports University Cologne, Cologne, Germany

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