Creatures of the state? Metropolitan counties compensated for state inaction in initial U.S. response to COVID-19 pandemic

• Christof Brandtner ,

  Roles Conceptualization, Data curation, Investigation, Methodology, Visualization, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

  * E-mail: brandtner@uchicago.edu

  Affiliations EM Lyon Business School, Écully, France, Department of Sociology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America, Center on Philanthropy and Civil Society, Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States of America, Mansueto Institute for Urban Innovation, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America

  https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7484-464X

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• Luís M. A. Bettencourt,

  Roles Conceptualization, Supervision, Validation, Writing – review & editing

  Affiliations Mansueto Institute for Urban Innovation, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America, Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America

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• Marc G. Berman,

  Roles Conceptualization, Validation, Writing – review & editing

  Affiliation Department of Psychology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America

  https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7087-3697

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• Andrew J. Stier

  Roles Data curation, Investigation, Writing – review & editing

  Affiliation Department of Psychology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America

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