Honey bees (Apis cerana) use animal feces as a tool to defend colonies against group attack by giant hornets (Vespa soror)

• Heather R. Mattila ,

  Roles Conceptualization, Formal analysis, Funding acquisition, Investigation, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

  * E-mail: hmattila@wellesley.edu

  Affiliation Department of Biological Sciences, Wellesley College, Wellesley, Massachusetts, United States of America

  https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5712-1688

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• Gard W. Otis,

  Roles Conceptualization, Funding acquisition, Investigation, Writing – review & editing

  Affiliation School of Environmental Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada

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• Lien T. P. Nguyen,

  Roles Funding acquisition, Investigation, Writing – review & editing

  Affiliation Insect Ecology Department, Institute of Ecology and Biological Resources, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, Hanoi, Vietnam

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• Hanh D. Pham,

  Roles Funding acquisition, Investigation, Writing – review & editing

  Affiliation Bee Research Centre, National Institute of Animal Sciences, Hanoi, Vietnam

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• Olivia M. Knight,

  Roles Investigation, Writing – review & editing

  Current address: Champalimaud Research, Champalimaud Centre for the Unknown, Lisboa, Portugal

  Affiliation School of Environmental Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada

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• Ngoc T. Phan

  Roles Investigation, Writing – review & editing

  Current address: Department of Entomology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, United States of America

  Affiliation Research Center for Tropical Bees and Beekeeping, Vietnam National University of Agriculture, Hanoi, Vietnam

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