Justified defection is neither justified nor unjustified in indirect reciprocity

• Hitoshi Yamamoto ,

  Roles Conceptualization, Data curation, Formal analysis, Funding acquisition, Project administration, Visualization, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

  * E-mail: hitoshi@ris.ac.jp

  Affiliations Faculty of Business Administration, Rissho University, Tokyo, Japan, Graduate School of Business Administration, Rissho University, Tokyo, Japan

  http://orcid.org/0000-0001-7966-2629

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• Takahisa Suzuki,

  Roles Methodology, Writing – review & editing

  Affiliation College of Policy Studies, Tsuda University, Tokyo, Japan

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• Ryohei Umetani

  Roles Data curation, Formal analysis

  Affiliation Graduate School of Business Administration, Rissho University, Tokyo, Japan

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